US 8610573

Here is a concise summary of US patent 8610573:

US Patent 8610573: Radio frequency module and methods of transmitting/receiving data

• Title: Radio frequency module and methods of transmitting/receiving data
• Assignee: Modulus Systems LLC, RF Digital Corp, Rochester Sensors LLC
• Inventor: Armen E. Kazanchian
• Filing Date: September 11, 2009 (Application number US12/558,484)
• Issue Date: December 17, 2013 (Publication number US8610573B2)
• Abstract: The patent describes a wireless module that users can configure to operate as a transmitter, receiver, transceiver, or repeater in different modes. It also details methods for transmitting and receiving data that significantly reduce or eliminate interference from competing frequency bands, including Wi-Fi systems. Furthermore, it outlines a method for transmitting data with high certainty without needing acknowledgement receipts, negotiation, or hand-shaking from downstream transceivers, receivers, or repeaters.

Plain-Language Overview of Independent Claims:

• Independent Claim 1 (Radio Frequency Module): This claim describes a physical radio frequency (RF) module. It consists of a printed circuit board (PCB) with a transceiver assembly mounted on its first surface. The transceiver assembly includes a transceiver and a matching/filtering network made of several passive electrical components connected in series and arranged linearly. A key feature is a ground plane on the PCB surrounding the transceiver assembly and an RF shield electrically connected to the ground plane, covering the transceiver assembly. Uniquely, a chip antenna is positioned on the PCB's first surface, outside the shield, and runs generally parallel to the matching/filtering network. A radio feed point connects the chip antenna to the end of the matching/filtering network, with the antenna, matching/filtering network, and feed point collectively forming a U-shaped configuration.
• Independent Claim 11 (Method of Wirelessly Transmitting Data): This claim outlines a method for wirelessly transmitting data, particularly for repeater functionality. It involves transmitting a data packet from a first location on at least one frequency. This data packet includes a 'repeat signal' that has an initial value for the first transmission. When this data packet is received at a second location (e.g., a repeater), the system checks if the repeat signal is at its initialized value. If it is, the data packet is then transmitted to a third location with the repeat signal modified (e.g., a "repeat bit" is changed from 0 to 1). If the received data packet's repeat signal is not at the initialized value (meaning it has already been repeated), that packet is discarded to prevent redundant re-transmissions.

Litigation Status:
US Patent 8610573 is currently active and is subject to multiple litigations. As of the current date, several cases have been filed in the Eastern District of Texas and the Western District of Texas. For instance, cases with dockets such as 2:26-cv-00330, 2:26-cv-00328, 2:26-cv-00333, 2:26-cv-00331, 2:26-cv-00329, and 2:26-cv-00332 were filed in the Texas Eastern District Court in 2026. There is no authoritative information from the CAFC 2026 dockets indicating that any of these specific district court cases involving US8610573 have proceeded to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit as of April 26, 2026.

Known litigation involving US patent 8610573 is as follows:

1. Plaintiff(s): Modulus Systems, LLC
   Defendant(s): Murata Electronics North America, Inc.
   Jurisdiction: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
   Case Number: 2:23-cv-00220
   Filing Date: May 18, 2023
   Outcome or Current Status: Open. The case was assigned to Chief Judge Rodney Gilstrap. While the case record indicates a close date of January 30, 2024, the outcome status is recorded as open as of May 15, 2026.

2. Plaintiff(s): Modulus Systems LLC
   Defendant(s): KAGA FEI Co., Ltd.
   Jurisdiction: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
   Case Number: 2:23-cv-00240
   Filing Date: May 27, 2023
   Outcome or Current Status: Ongoing. The docket was last retrieved on July 12, 2023, and no final outcome was reported in the available information.

3. Plaintiff(s): Modulus Systems LLC
   Defendant(s): Tridonic GmbH & Co KG
   Jurisdiction: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
   Case Number: 2:26-cv-00333
   Filing Date: April 22, 2026
   Outcome or Current Status: Ongoing. A complaint for patent infringement was filed on April 22, 2026, and the docket was last retrieved on the same date.

For the following cases, identified from the "Family has litigation" section on Google Patents for US8610573B2, specific plaintiff(s), defendant(s), filing dates, and detailed outcomes or current statuses were not found in the search results.

Jurisdiction: Texas Eastern District Court

• Case Number: 2:26-cv-00330
• Case Number: 2:26-cv-00328
• Case Number: 2:23-cv-00239
• Case Number: 2:26-cv-00331
• Case Number: 2:26-cv-00329
• Case Number: 2:21-cv-00221
• Case Number: 2:23-cv-00243
• Case Number: 2:23-cv-00242
• Case Number: 2:23-cv-00241
• Case Number: 2:26-cv-00332

Jurisdiction: Texas Western District Court

• Case Number: 7:25-cv-00080

Proceedings overview

There are no AIA trial proceedings on file for US patent 8610573 as of the most recent data from the USPTO Open Data Portal. Web search also did not reveal any PTAB proceedings (Inter Partes Review, Post-Grant Review, or Covered Business Method) filed against this patent. This indicates that the patent has not been subjected to validity challenges before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board.

Strategic summary

As of the current date, no claims of US8610573 have been challenged or invalidated through AIA trial proceedings at the PTAB. Therefore, all claims (1-11) of the patent remain untested by these specific administrative processes.

The absence of PTAB activity means there is no estoppel landscape established under 35 U.S.C. § 315(e)(2). Consequently, potential defendants are not barred from raising any invalidity grounds (e.g., under §§ 102, 103, 112) in future PTAB petitions or district court litigation, should they choose to do so.

The litigation history for US8610573, as noted in the provided patent information, shows several cases filed in Texas district courts. The lack of corresponding PTAB challenges for a patent involved in litigation might suggest a strategic choice by defendants to pursue other avenues of invalidity challenge, or it could simply mean that any PTAB filings have not yet been publicly indexed or discovered through current searches.

Recommended next steps

Since no PTAB activity exists for US8610573, a defendant facing assertion of this patent has several options:

• Consider filing an IPR petition: Given the patent's active status and involvement in litigation, an IPR could be a viable strategy to challenge the patentability of the claims based on prior art. This would be particularly relevant if strong prior art references exist that were not considered during original prosecution.
• Prior Art Search: Conduct a thorough prior art search to identify potential grounds for an IPR or other invalidity defenses.
• Monitor for new filings: Keep an eye on the USPTO PTAB E2E system and public dockets for any newly filed IPR, PGR, or CBM petitions against US8610573 by other parties, as the outcome of such proceedings could impact defensive strategies.

Inventors

• Armen E. Kazanchian (Individual, no employer listed at time of filing)

Original assignee

The original assignee listed on the issued patent is "Individual". Given that Armen E. Kazanchian is listed as the inventor and no company is named as an original assignee, it appears the patent was initially assigned to the inventor directly. It is not possible to determine if an individual "shipped a product embodying the claims" or their primary line of business from the patent record. Their current status as an individual is operating.

Assignment timeline

• 2015-07-16 (executed) / recorded 2015-07-16 — Reel 033324/0970
  • Conveyance: Assignment
  • Assignor: KAZANCHIAN, ARMEN E.
  • Assignee: RF DIGITAL CORPORATION
  • Correspondent: BLAINE, ROBERT B., 23832 VIA FABRICANTE STE 201, MISSION VIEJO, CA 92691
  • Context: Transfer from inventor to a corporation.
• 2015-07-16 (executed) / recorded 2015-07-16 — Reel 033324/0973
  • Conveyance: Assignment
  • Assignor: RF DIGITAL CORPORATION
  • Assignee: LADUE, KEVIN
  • Correspondent: BLAINE, ROBERT B., 23832 VIA FABRICANTE STE 201, MISSION VIEJO, CA 92691. This correspondent recurs in this chain.
  • Context: Transfer from operating company to individual.
• 2015-07-16 (executed) / recorded 2015-07-16 — Reel 033324/0975
  • Conveyance: Assignment
  • Assignor: LADUE, KEVIN
  • Assignee: TEXAS LFP LLC
  • Correspondent: BLAINE, ROBERT B., 23832 VIA FABRICANTE STE 201, MISSION VIEJO, CA 92691. This correspondent recurs in this chain.
  • Context: Transfer from individual to an LLC.
• 2021-10-11 (executed) / recorded 2021-10-11 — Reel 057756/0918
  • Conveyance: Change of Name
  • Assignor: ROCHESTER GAUGES, INC.
  • Assignee: ROCHESTER GAUGES, LLC
  • Correspondent: STEVENS, GREGORY R., 711 NORTH WEST SHORE BLVD, SUITE 800, TAMPA, FL 33607
  • Context: Change of name for an assignee. (Note: This entry appears to be a general change of name for Rochester Gauges, Inc. to Rochester Gauges, LLC, rather than a direct assignment of this specific patent from Rochester Gauges, Inc. The patent itself was not assigned to Rochester Gauges, Inc. based on the previous records. However, it is listed in the Google Patents assignment history.)
• 2022-01-13 (executed) / recorded 2022-01-13 — Reel 058778/0178
  • Conveyance: Corrective Assignment
  • Assignor: ROCHESTER GAUGES, INC.
  • Assignee: ROCHESTER GAUGES, LLC
  • Correspondent: STEVENS, GREGORY R., 711 NORTH WEST SHORE BLVD, SUITE 800, TAMPA, FL 33607. This correspondent recurs in this chain.
  • Context: Corrective action for a previously recorded change of name, referencing an incorrect application number.
• 2023-05-09 (executed) / recorded 2023-05-09 — Reel 063385/0824
  • Conveyance: Assignment
  • Assignor: TEXAS LFP LLC
  • Assignee: MODULUS SYSTEMS LLC
  • Correspondent: CHIN, ANTHONY, 19900 MACARTHUR BLVD. SUITE 500, IRVINE, CA 92612
  • Context: Transfer from one LLC to another LLC.

Timeline diagram

timeline
    title Ownership of US 8610573
    2009 : Filed by Individual
    2013 : Issued
    2015 : Assigned to RF Digital Corp
         : Assigned to Kevin Ladue
         : Assigned to Texas LFP LLC
    2021 : Rochester Gauges Inc changes name
    2022 : Rochester Gauges corrective filing
    2023 : Assigned to Modulus Systems LLC

NPE / troll-pattern signals

1. Shell-entity transfer — present. The transfer from Kevin Ladue to TEXAS LFP LLC (2015-07-16, Reel 033324/0975) and subsequently from TEXAS LFP LLC to MODULUS SYSTEMS LLC (2023-05-09, Reel 063385/0824) are strong indicators. "LFP" and "Systems LLC" in the names often suggest licensing entities.
2. Known asserter in the chain — unclear. While Modulus Systems LLC is the current assignee and has filed litigation, it is not on the provided public NPE list. Further investigation would be needed to definitively classify Modulus Systems LLC as a "known asserter."
3. Repeat correspondent across the chain — present. Robert B. Blaine (23832 VIA FABRICANTE STE 201, MISSION VIEJO, CA 92691) is listed as the correspondent for three consecutive assignments on 2015-07-16 (Reel 033324/0970, Reel 033324/0973, and Reel 033324/0975). This recurrence is a strong signal. Gregory R. Stevens also appears twice (Reel 057756/0918, Reel 058778/0178) for the Rochester Gauges change of name, but this appears to be for a different chain or a general corporate action, not directly related to the core assignment chain of this patent.
4. Cascading transfers — present. There are three consecutive assignments executed and recorded on the same day, 2015-07-16, from Armen E. Kazanchian to RF Digital Corporation, then to Kevin Ladue, and finally to TEXAS LFP LLC (Reel 033324/0970, Reel 033324/0973, Reel 033324/0975). These transfers are handled by the same correspondent attorney and occur in a very short timeframe.
5. Pre-litigation transfer — present. The patent information indicates that litigation commenced in 2021 and 2023 in Texas Eastern and Western District Courts. The assignment to Modulus Systems LLC occurred on 2023-05-09 (Reel 063385/0824), which is close in time to the 2023 litigation filings.
6. Bankruptcy fire-sale — not present. No evidence of bankruptcy proceedings for any of the assignors.
7. Privateering — unclear. While the assignment chain suggests an NPE, there is no explicit information from SEC filings or other public sources to indicate privateering activity by an operating company.
8. Defensive aggregator (anti-NPE) — not present. The chain does not terminate with a known defensive aggregator.

Verdict

NPE — high confidence

This verdict is based on several strong signals: the rapid cascading transfers on 2015-07-16 through multiple entities (Reel 033324/0970, Reel 033324/0973, Reel 033324/0975), the use of a repeat correspondent attorney (Robert B. Blaine) across these transfers, and the ultimate assignment to LLCs with names like "TEXAS LFP LLC" and "MODULUS SYSTEMS LLC," which are often associated with licensing activities, not product sales. Furthermore, the assignment to Modulus Systems LLC occurred near the time of litigation filings, suggesting a transfer for assertion purposes.

USPTO Assignment Center search page: https://assignmentcenter.uspto.gov/ (search for patent number 8610573)

The following prior art references are cited in US patent 8610573:

1. US20030025604A1

• Full Citation: US20030025604A1, "System to automatically locally control a device according to preferences of a user entering a local area of the device from a remote area"
• Publication/Filing Date: Published: 2003-02-06, Filed: 2001-07-31
• Brief Description: This patent application describes a system for automatically controlling a device based on user preferences when the user enters a local area. It involves wirelessly communicating with a device to provide user-specific control.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claims 5, 6, and 7, which relate to the radio frequency module having mode selection inputs for various operating modes, including those that could facilitate localized device control or interaction with RFID-like systems. The concept of a device responding to proximity or identification aligns with the spirit of these claims.

2. US20030163748A1

• Full Citation: US20030163748A1, "System having a spread-spectrum clock for further suppression of electromagnetic emissions in network devices communicating via a network bus"
• Publication/Filing Date: Published: 2003-08-28, Filed: 2002-02-14
• Brief Description: This reference focuses on reducing electromagnetic emissions in network devices through the use of a spread-spectrum clock. This is a technique for improving signal integrity and reducing interference in electronic systems.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: This reference doesn't appear to directly anticipate any claims in US8610573 regarding the physical structure of the RF module or the specific methods of transmission/reception to avoid Wi-Fi interference or implement repeater functionality. Its focus is on electromagnetic compatibility rather than the operational modes or physical layout described in US8610573.

3. US20060139167A1

• Full Citation: US20060139167A1, "Object positioning system, object positioning apparatus and object positioning method"
• Publication/Filing Date: Published: 2006-06-29, Filed: 2002-12-19
• Brief Description: This patent application details a system and method for positioning objects, likely using wireless communication and identification.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claims 5, 6, and 7, related to mode selection and RFID functions. The object positioning system could involve elements similar to RFID transmitters and receivers, which are outlined as operating modes in US8610573.

4. US20070013610A1

• Full Citation: US20070013610A1, "Wireless security badge"
• Publication/Filing Date: Published: 2007-01-18, Filed: 2000-08-15
• Brief Description: This reference describes a wireless security badge, likely incorporating RFID or similar short-range wireless communication for identification and access control.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claims 5, 6, and 7, particularly the RFID transmitter and receiver modes (e.g., Mode 0, Mode 4, Mode 5, Mode 6, Mode 7 in the detailed description of US8610573), as a security badge would embody aspects of these functions.

5. US7239625B1

• Full Citation: US7239625B1, "Low-cost noise-immune wireless methodology for demand control ventilation (DCV) Applications"
• Publication/Filing Date: Issued: 2007-07-03, Filed: 2003-05-12
• Brief Description: This patent describes a low-cost, noise-immune wireless communication method specifically for demand control ventilation applications. It likely deals with reliable data transmission in potentially noisy environments.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claims 8, 9, and 10, which discuss transmitting data packets at a plurality of different frequencies to reduce RF interference. The "noise-immune wireless methodology" could overlap with the multi-frequency transmission strategy for interference reduction detailed in these claims.

6. US20070159332A1

• Full Citation: US20070159332A1, "Using RFID to prevent or detect falls, wandering, bed egress and medication errors"
• Publication/Filing Date: Published: 2007-07-12, Filed: 2006-01-07
• Brief Description: This patent application describes the use of RFID technology for monitoring and preventing various incidents, such as falls or medication errors, in healthcare settings.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claims 5, 6, and 7, concerning the various operating modes, particularly the RFID transmitter and receiver modes. The application of RFID for tracking and monitoring, as described in this reference, is directly relevant to these claims.

7. US7259673B2

• Full Citation: US7259673B2, "Anti-theft arrangement, method and program"
• Publication/Filing Date: Issued: 2007-08-21, Filed: 2004-11-24
• Brief Description: This patent describes an anti-theft system and method, likely involving wireless communication for tracking or disabling stolen items.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claims 5, 6, and 7, as an anti-theft system could utilize the RFID or other communication modes described in these claims for tracking or signaling.

8. US7310067B1

• Full Citation: US7310067B1, "Mobile wireless communications device with reduced interfering RF energy into RF metal shield secured on circuit board"
• Publication/Filing Date: Issued: 2007-12-18, Filed: 2006-05-23
• Brief Description: This patent focuses on a mobile wireless communications device designed to reduce RF interference into a metal shield secured on a circuit board. It addresses the physical design to mitigate interference.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claims 1, 2, 3, and 4, which detail the physical structure of the RF module, including the ground plane, RF shield, and its electrical coupling, as well as the arrangement of the transceiver assembly and antenna. This patent's focus on RF shielding and its interaction with the circuit board and components is highly relevant to these structural claims.

9. US20080143611A1

• Full Citation: US20080143611A1, "Antenna for portable electronic device wireless communications adapter"
• Publication/Filing Date: Published: 2008-06-19, Filed: 2006-12-15
• Brief Description: This patent application describes an antenna design for a wireless communications adapter in a portable electronic device.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claim 1, particularly the arrangement of the chip antenna and its relation to the matching/filtering network and feed point forming a U-shape. While it describes an antenna for a portable device, the specific geometry and integration with a matching network could be relevant.

10. US20090101403A1

• Full Citation: US20090101403A1, "Electromagnetic shield for mobile communication device"
• Publication/Filing Date: Published: 2009-04-23, Filed: 2007-10-19
• Brief Description: This reference describes an electromagnetic shield for a mobile communication device, aimed at reducing electromagnetic interference.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claims 1, 2, and 3, regarding the radio frequency shield, its electrical coupling to the ground plane, and its coverage of the transceiver assembly. This directly relates to the shielding aspects of US8610573.

11. US20100029325A1

• Full Citation: US20100029325A1, "Apparatus and method to improve WLAN performance in a dual WLAN modality environment"
• Publication/Filing Date: Published: 2010-02-04, Filed: 2008-07-29
• Brief Description: This patent application describes an apparatus and method for improving WLAN performance in environments with dual WLAN modalities, likely by mitigating interference.
• Potentially Anticipated Claims: Claims 8, 9, and 10, which describe transmitting data packets at a plurality of different frequencies to reduce or eliminate radio frequency interference, particularly in the context of Wi-Fi. This reference directly addresses strategies for improving wireless local area network (WLAN) performance in challenging RF environments, which aligns with the interference reduction methods claimed in US8610573.

Based on the provided patent text for US8610573 and the listed prior art references, an analysis of obviousness under 35 U.S.C. § 103 can be conducted. For an invention to be obvious, there must be a reason for a person having ordinary skill in the art (POSA) to combine elements from prior art references to arrive at the claimed invention, with a reasonable expectation of success.

The patent US8610573 addresses two main technical areas:

1. A compact radio frequency (RF) module design (Claim 1 and its dependent claims) that overcomes limitations of prior art modules regarding size and antenna performance.
2. Methods of wireless data transmission (Claim 11) that reduce Wi-Fi interference and enable efficient one-way point-to-multipoint communication using a repeater function without requiring acknowledgments.

Obviousness Analysis for Claim 1 (RF Module Structure)

Claim 1 describes an RF module with a specific physical arrangement:

• A printed circuit board (PCB) with a transceiver assembly (transceiver and linear matching/filtering network).
• A ground plane and an RF shield covering the transceiver assembly.
• Crucially, a chip antenna located outside the shield and extending generally parallel with the matching/filtering network, connected by a radio feed point, forming a generally U-shape configuration.

Prior Art References and Elements:

• US7310067B1 (Research In Motion Limited): Teaches a "Mobile wireless communications device with reduced interfering RF energy into RF metal shield secured on circuit board". This reference clearly discloses a base member (circuit board), a transceiver assembly (communications device), a ground plane (implied by a shield secured to a circuit board for RF energy reduction), and an RF shield covering components.
• US20080143611A1 (Shu-Li Wang): Titled "Antenna for portable electronic device wireless communications adapter". This reference suggests the use of antennas in portable electronic devices, and a POSA would be aware of chip antennas as a compact solution.
• US20090101403A1 (Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd.): Titled "Electromagnetic shield for mobile communication device". This further reinforces the concept of shielding electronic components in compact devices.

Motivation to Combine and Obviousness Gap:

A person of ordinary skill in the art would be motivated to miniaturize RF modules while maintaining or improving RF performance, as explicitly stated in the background of US8610573, where it notes, "Consumer demand for more compact wireless products has led to increasingly smaller RF modules. However, prior art solutions have been inadequate to reduce the RF module even further since the matching and filtering components of the module are typically in linear alignment with an onboard antenna."

Combining the teachings of US7310067B1 (RF shielding on a PCB) with US20080143611A1 (antennas for portable devices, including knowledge of chip antennas) would lead a POSA to design a shielded RF module with an integrated antenna. However, the crucial distinguishing feature of Claim 1 lies in the specific geometric arrangement: the chip antenna being outside the shield and generally parallel to the linear matching/filtering network, forming a U-shape via the feed point.

The patent claims this specific U-shape configuration "results in a good antenna pattern and thus improved range performance" and is "a great improvement over prior art configurations where the antenna is required to be in line with the matching network, resulting in a module that is at least twice the size of the RF module of the present invention."

Without prior art that explicitly teaches or strongly suggests this specific U-shaped arrangement—where the antenna is placed outside the shield and parallel to the matching network—to achieve both miniaturization and improved RF performance (e.g., by the shield and antenna effectively functioning as a single, larger antenna), Claim 1 would likely not be considered obvious. The provided snippets of the cited prior art do not disclose this specific and critical spatial relationship between the antenna, matching network, and shield. A POSA might be motivated to reduce size, but the particular solution presented in Claim 1 is not evidently a predictable outcome of combining general knowledge about antennas and shielding.

Obviousness Analysis for Claim 11 (Method of Wireless Data Transmission)

Claim 11 describes a method of wirelessly transmitting data using a specific repeater mechanism:

• Transmitting a data packet with an initialized "repeat signal" from a first location.
• Receiving the packet at a second location (e.g., a repeater).
• Determining if the repeat signal is at the initialized value.
• If initialized, transmitting the data packet to a third location with a modified repeat bit.
• Discarding the data packet if the repeat signal is different from the initialized value (e.g., already repeated).

Prior Art References and Elements:

• US20070159332A1 (Arthur Koblasz): Titled "Using RFID to prevent or detect falls, wandering, bed egress and medication errors". This and similar RFID-related patents (e.g., US20070013610A1) teach one-way communication where a transmitter broadcasts data (like an Electronic Serial Number or ESN) that is received by another device.
• US7239625B1 (Chi Wai Tse): Titled "Low-cost noise-immune wireless methodology for demand control ventilation (DCV) Applications". This suggests methods for reliable communication, potentially in noisy environments, which could involve simplified protocols.
• General knowledge of data transmission: A POSA would be aware of data packets, error detection, and the use of repeaters to extend wireless range.

Motivation to Combine and Obviousness Gap:

The background of US8610573 highlights limitations of prior art 2.4 GHz wireless devices (like Bluetooth) that use handshake-based systems, consuming significant current and restricting communication to single point-to-single point. It explicitly states, "Point to multi-point or poing to multi-point or multi-point to multi-point communication is not possible under this system, since one transmitter sends and waits for a response to confirm receipt of its data." The invention seeks to overcome this with efficient point-to-multipoint, one-way communication, particularly in the presence of Wi-Fi interference.

A POSA would be motivated to develop more efficient one-way communication systems, potentially extending their range with repeaters, while avoiding the overhead of handshake protocols. In a repeater scenario, preventing infinite loops or redundant re-transmissions of the same packet is a known problem.

While prior art like US20070159332A1 teaches one-way communication (e.g., RFID), it does not detail the specific "repeat bit" mechanism of Claim 11. The inventive step in Claim 11 lies in the specific logic:

1. Including a "repeat signal" (e.g., a single bit) with an initialized value in the transmitted packet.
2. A repeater receiving this, determining the initialized value, and if found, modifying the bit (e.g., from 0 to 1).
3. The repeater then re-transmitting the packet with the modified bit.
4. Crucially, discarding subsequently received packets if their repeat bit is not at the initialized value (meaning it has already been repeated by one hop).

This specific mechanism allows for efficient, low-power, single-hop repetition in a one-way system without requiring acknowledgments, thereby facilitating point-to-multipoint communication. While general concepts of hop counts or flags for packet management exist in networking, the precise implementation described in Claim 11—a simple 0/1 repeat bit for single-hop repeater control to prevent redundant retransmissions in a handshake-free context—is not explicitly taught or strongly suggested by the provided prior art titles.

Conclusion:

Based on the available information from the patent document and the titles of the cited prior art, establishing a robust obviousness argument for either Claim 1 or Claim 11 of US8610573 is challenging. The patent explicitly identifies specific problems in the prior art that its inventions aim to solve. The unique U-shaped antenna configuration (Claim 1) and the specific one-way repeater protocol using a "repeat bit" (Claim 11) appear to be non-obvious solutions without explicit teachings or strong suggestions in the cited prior art that would lead a POSA directly to these specific implementations with a reasonable expectation of success. A comprehensive obviousness determination would require a thorough review of the full text of all cited prior art documents.

To provide accurate details regarding Patent Term Adjustments (PTA), Patent Term Extensions (PTE), continuation/divisional applications, and the projected expiration date for US patent 8610573, direct access to the USPTO's Patent Center or Public Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR) system is typically required. These systems provide the most up-to-date and specific data for individual patents, including the official PTA calculations.

Based on the information available and general patent law:

• Patent Term Adjustment (PTA): PTA compensates for certain administrative delays by the USPTO during patent prosecution. It is calculated at the time of patent issuance and included in the Issue Notification Letter. Factors include delays in issuing an office action (A-delays), failing to issue a patent within three years of the filing date (B-delays), and delays due to interference or secrecy orders (C-delays). The USPTO's official patent record would show the specific PTA applied to US8610573. Without direct access to the official USPTO record for this specific patent's PTA calculation, I cannot provide the exact number of days.
• Patent Term Extension (PTE): PTE is distinct from PTA and is granted for delays due to regulatory review processes, most notably for pharmaceutical products. Given that US8610573 relates to a radio frequency module and methods, it is highly unlikely to have qualified for a PTE.
• Continuation and Divisional Applications:
  • US8610573B2 itself is listed as being based on application number US12/558,484, which was filed on September 11, 2009. The patent claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/096,163 filed on September 11, 2008.
  • To identify any subsequent continuation or divisional applications directly stemming from US8610573B2, a detailed family search within the USPTO database would be necessary. The Google Patents entry shows "Other versions" including US20100060454A1, which is the patent's own publication as an application, not a separate continuation or divisional application.
• Related Family Members: The primary family member listed is US20100060454A1, which is the published patent application corresponding to US8610573B2. The priority date is listed as September 11, 2008, from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/096,163.
• Projected Expiration Date: For utility patents filed on or after June 8, 1995, the patent term generally ends 20 years from the earliest effective filing date of the application, subject to any PTA or PTE.
  • The filing date for US8610573 (application US12/558,484) is September 11, 2009.
  • The priority date (from the provisional application) is September 11, 2008.
  • Therefore, the base 20-year term would typically be calculated from the earliest non-provisional filing date for which benefit is claimed. In this case, it appears the earliest filing date for calculation would be September 11, 2009.
  • However, the Google Patents information already explicitly states the patent "expires 2032-09-27" and is "Active - Reinstated". This adjusted expiration date already accounts for any PTA.

Summary for US Patent 8610573:

• Patent Term Adjustment (PTA): The Google Patents record indicates an adjusted expiration date of 2032-09-27. This implies that PTA has been applied, extending the term beyond the standard 20 years from the filing date of September 11, 2009 (which would be September 11, 2029). The precise calculation of this adjustment would be found in the official USPTO patent file.
• Patent Term Extension (PTE): There is no indication or likelihood of PTE for this type of patent.
• Continuation Applications: Based on the available information, there are no explicitly identified continuation applications of US8610573B2. The published application US20100060454A1 is the precursor to the granted patent, not a separate continuing application.
• Divisional Applications: No divisional applications of US8610573B2 are explicitly identified in the provided information.
• Related Family Members: The primary related family member is the published patent application US20100060454A1. The patent also claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/096,163, filed on September 11, 2008.
• Projected Expiration Date: The patent is projected to expire on September 27, 2032.

Defensive Disclosure: US Patent 8610573 Derivatives for Prior Art Generation

This document outlines derivative variations of US Patent 8610573, "Radio frequency module and methods of transmitting/receiving data," aimed at generating comprehensive prior art. The objective is to proactively disclose incremental improvements and alternative implementations, rendering future competitive developments obvious or non-novel, particularly for core claims 1 and 11.

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Derivatives of Core Claim 1: Radio Frequency Module Structure

Claim 1 Summary: A radio frequency module comprising a PCB with a transceiver assembly (transceiver, linear matching/filtering network), a ground plane, and an RF shield. A chip antenna is located outside the shield, generally parallel to the matching/filtering network, with a radio feed point forming a generally U-shape.

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1. Material & Component Substitution

Derivative 1.1: Flexible PCB with Conductive Polymer Shield and Printed Antenna

• Enabling Description: The rigid printed circuit board (PCB) is substituted with a flexible polyimide substrate. The radio frequency (RF) shield is formed from a screen-printed conductive polymer paste (e.g., silver-filled epoxy, with a resistivity of 10-5 to 10-6 Ohm·cm) applied to the flexible substrate, electrically connected to an underlying sputtered copper ground plane (e.g., 5-10 µm thick). The transceiver assembly comprises bare die components (e.g., 0.5x0.5mm transceiver IC, 01005 passive components for the matching/filtering network) directly bonded and encapsulated on the flex circuit. The chip antenna is replaced by a flexible printed inverted-F antenna (PIFA) or patch antenna directly fabricated onto the polyimide layer using conductive ink (e.g., copper or silver nanoparticle ink, 5-15 µm thick) and maintaining the U-shaped spatial relationship with the linear matching/filtering network. The radio feed point is a coplanar waveguide or microstrip trace integrated within the flexible substrate layers.

classDiagram
    class Flexible_PCB {
        +Polyimide Substrate
        +Sputtered Copper Ground Plane
        +Screen-Printed Conductive Polymer Shield
    }
    class Transceiver_Assembly {
        +Bare Die Transceiver IC
        +01005 SMD Matching/Filtering Network
    }
    class Printed_Antenna {
        +Flexible PIFA/Patch
        +Conductive Ink Fabrication
    }
    class Radio_Feed_Point {
        +Flex Circuit Trace
    }

    Flexible_PCB "1" *-- "1" Transceiver_Assembly
    Flexible_PCB "1" *-- "1" Printed_Antenna
    Transceiver_Assembly --* Printed_Antenna : Radio_Feed_Point
    Printed_Antenna --|> U_Shape_Configuration
    Transceiver_Assembly --|> U_Shape_Configuration
    Radio_Feed_Point --|> U_Shape_Configuration

Derivative 1.2: Ceramic Substrate with Integrated Passives and Laser-Direct Structuring (LDS) Antenna

• Enabling Description: The base member is a Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) or High Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (HTCC) substrate, offering superior thermal stability and RF performance. The matching/filtering network components (inductors, capacitors) are realized as embedded passive devices within the ceramic layers, using co-fired metal traces and dielectric materials. The ground plane is an internal metallization layer (e.g., Ag/Pd thick film). The RF shield is a metallized cavity or fence structure formed by co-firing ceramic layers, with metallized vias connecting to the ground plane. The chip antenna is replaced by a three-dimensional antenna structure formed directly on the external ceramic surface using Laser-Direct Structuring (LDS) technology, where a laser activates a plastic additive, allowing subsequent electroless plating of copper and nickel, retaining the U-shaped configuration relative to the embedded matching/filtering network. The radio feed point is an embedded stripline or waveguide structure.

flowchart TD
    A[LTCC/HTCC Substrate] --> B{Embedded Matching/Filtering Network};
    A --> C[Internal Ground Plane];
    A --> D[Metallized RF Shield Cavity];
    B --> E[Transceiver IC];
    E --> D;
    D --- F[LDS Antenna (U-Shape)];
    B --- F : Radio Feed Point;
    F --> G[Improved RF Performance];
    D --> G;

Derivative 1.3: Graphene-Reinforced Composite Substrate with CNT-based Shielding and Nanocarbon Antenna

• Enabling Description: The PCB is fabricated using a graphene-reinforced epoxy laminate, offering enhanced mechanical strength and thermal conductivity compared to standard FR4. The RF shield is composed of a spray-coated or vacuum-filtered layer of multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets (e.g., 50-100 nm thick, with electrical conductivity >10^5 S/m), applied over a dielectric spacer and electrically connected to a sputtered copper ground plane. The chip antenna is replaced by a printed antenna made from nanocarbon ink (e.g., CNT or graphene ink, with a thickness of 20-50 µm) on a thin, flexible polymer film (e.g., PEN), which is then adhesively mounted onto the PCB. The matching/filtering network utilizes miniaturized lumped elements (e.g., 01005 or 008004 components). The U-shaped configuration is maintained, benefiting from the lightweight and tunable electromagnetic properties of the nanocarbon materials.

classDiagram
    class Graphene_PCB {
        +Graphene-Epoxy Laminate
        +Sputtered Copper Ground Plane
    }
    class CNT_Shield {
        +Spray-Coated CNT Sheet
        +Dielectric Spacer
    }
    class Nanocarbon_Antenna {
        +Printed CNT/Graphene Antenna
        +Flexible Polymer Film
    }
    class Transceiver_Assembly {
        +RFIC
        +Miniaturized Passive Components
    }

    Graphene_PCB "1" *-- "1" CNT_Shield
    Graphene_PCB "1" *-- "1" Transceiver_Assembly
    Graphene_PCB "1" *-- "1" Nanocarbon_Antenna
    Transceiver_Assembly -- Nanocarbon_Antenna : Radio Feed Point
    CNT_Shield --o Transceiver_Assembly : Encloses
    Nanocarbon_Antenna --|> U_Shape_Config

---

2. Operational Parameter Expansion

Derivative 1.4: Ultra-Miniature Bio-Implantable Module for MICS Band

• Enabling Description: The RF module is scaled down to an ultra-miniature form factor (e.g., 2 mm × 2 mm × 0.5 mm) for ingestible or implantable medical devices. The base member is a multi-layer Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate, chosen for its biocompatibility and low dielectric loss at high frequencies. The transceiver assembly, including the transceiver IC, microcontroller, and voltage regulator, are integrated as system-on-chip (SoC) components. The matching/filtering network is realized using thin-film passive components (<50 µm thickness). The ground plane is an internal LCP metallization layer. The RF shield is a vacuum-deposited Parylene-coated metallic film (e.g., gold or platinum) that surrounds the SoC, providing biocompatible EMI shielding. The chip antenna is a miniaturized meander line or spiral antenna printed on the external LCP surface, operating at Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) frequencies (401-406 MHz) with an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) below -16 dBm. The U-shaped configuration is maintained, adapted for efficient signal propagation through biological tissues.

classDiagram
    class LCP_Substrate {
        +Biocompatible
        +Multi-Layer
    }
    class SoC_Transceiver {
        +Transceiver IC
        +Microcontroller
        +Voltage Regulator
    }
    class Thin_Film_Network {
        +Integrated Passive Components
    }
    class Parylene_Shield {
        +Vacuum-Deposited Metal Film
        +Biocompatible Coating
    }
    class Meander_Antenna {
        +Printed on LCP Surface
        +MICS Band (401-406 MHz)
    }

    LCP_Substrate "1" *-- "1" SoC_Transceiver
    LCP_Substrate "1" *-- "1" Thin_Film_Network
    SoC_Transceiver "1" -- "1" Thin_Film_Network
    LCP_Substrate -- Parylene_Shield : Encloses
    LCP_Substrate "1" *-- "1" Meander_Antenna
    Thin_Film_Network -- Meander_Antenna : Radio Feed Point
    Meander_Antenna --|> U_Shape_Config

Derivative 1.5: High-Power Industrial IoT RF Module for Sub-GHz ISM Band

• Enabling Description: The RF module is engineered for high-power, long-range industrial Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as heavy machinery monitoring or remote asset tracking. The PCB is constructed from a high-performance, high-Tg (e.g., 180°C) laminate such as Rogers RO4003C to withstand harsh industrial environments. The transceiver incorporates a robust RFIC with an integrated power amplifier capable of +30 dBm output power. The matching/filtering network is designed for high-power handling, utilizing larger discrete surface-mount components (e.g., 0805 or 1206 packages) or integrated passive devices (IPDs) on a ceramic substrate for improved thermal dissipation. The RF shield is a robust, hermetically sealed aluminum alloy enclosure, providing superior mechanical protection and EMI shielding, with internal thermal vias or heat sinks for heat management. The chip antenna is a durable ceramic patch or whip antenna optimized for the sub-GHz ISM bands (e.g., 902-928 MHz or 868 MHz) for extended range and penetration through obstacles, while maintaining the U-shaped configuration to optimize the radiation pattern in challenging propagation environments.

flowchart TD
    A[High-Tg PCB (RO4003C)] --> B{High-Power Transceiver IC};
    B --> C{High-Power Matching/Filtering Network};
    C --> D[Robust Aluminum RF Shield];
    D --- E[Durable Ceramic Patch Antenna];
    C --- E : Radio Feed Point;
    E --> F[Long-Range Industrial IoT];
    D --> F;

Derivative 1.6: Cryogenic Environment RF Module for Quantum Computing Interconnects

• Enabling Description: This RF module is designed for operation in cryogenic temperatures (e.g., 4 Kelvin or millikelvin range) for applications such as quantum computing interconnects or deep space probes. The base member is a specialized low-CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) dielectric substrate, such as Duroid 6002 or a high-resistivity silicon wafer with dielectric layers, to prevent delamination and cracking during thermal cycling. All electronic components, including the transceiver (e.g., a custom superconducting RFIC or low-temperature CMOS device), crystal oscillators, and passive components, are cryogenically rated. The ground plane and RF shield are fabricated from superconducting materials (e.g., Niobium or YBCO thin films) to minimize losses and provide perfect diamagnetism for shielding, or from very low-loss dielectrics with specialized metallization. The chip antenna is a precisely micro-machined metallic antenna (e.g., a horn or patch antenna) optimized for specific cryogenic frequencies (e.g., Ka-band, Q-band for satellite links, or customized frequencies for quantum qubit readout), maintaining the U-shaped configuration with robust connections to withstand thermal contraction.

classDiagram
    class Cryo_Substrate {
        +Low-CTE Dielectric (Duroid 6002)
        +Cryogenically Rated
    }
    class Superconducting_RFIC {
        +Low-Temp CMOS / Superconducting
    }
    class Cryo_Passives {
        +Matching/Filtering Network
    }
    class Superconducting_Shield {
        +Niobium/YBCO Thin Film
        +Ground Plane
    }
    class Micro_Machined_Antenna {
        +Horn/Patch
        +Cryogenic Frequencies
    }

    Cryo_Substrate "1" *-- "1" Superconducting_RFIC
    Cryo_Substrate "1" *-- "1" Cryo_Passives
    Superconducting_RFIC "1" -- "1" Cryo_Passives
    Cryo_Substrate -- Superconducting_Shield : Encloses
    Cryo_Substrate "1" *-- "1" Micro_Machined_Antenna
    Cryo_Passives -- Micro_Machined_Antenna : Radio Feed Point
    Micro_Machined_Antenna --|> U_Shape_Config

---

3. Cross-Domain Application

Derivative 1.7: Automotive In-Cabin Sensor Module

• Enabling Description: This RF module is adapted for use as an in-cabin sensor in automotive applications, such as occupant detection, child presence sensing, or gesture recognition. The PCB uses automotive-grade materials (e.g., high-Tg FR-4 or polyimide) and components qualified to AEC-Q100 standards for extreme temperature and vibration. The transceiver operates at frequencies suitable for short-range radar (e.g., 60 GHz ISM band) or UWB (3.1-10.6 GHz) for precise presence detection, requiring high-frequency PCB design considerations. The RF shield is a robust metal casing (e.g., stamped steel or aluminum) integrated with the module's housing, providing enhanced EMI immunity crucial for automotive electronics. The chip antenna is a miniaturized array antenna (e.g., a custom patch array) designed to be highly resistant to detuning caused by varying cabin geometries and materials, maintaining the U-shaped physical arrangement with the shielded transceiver assembly for optimal radiation pattern and reduced interference with other vehicle systems.

classDiagram
    class Automotive_PCB {
        +AEC-Q100 Components
        +High-Tg Laminate
    }
    class In_Cabin_Transceiver {
        +60 GHz Radar / UWB RFIC
    }
    class Robust_RF_Shield {
        +Stamped Metal Casing
        +EMI Immunity
    }
    class Miniaturized_Array_Antenna {
        +Patch Array / Custom Design
        +U-Shape Configuration
    }

    Automotive_PCB "1" *-- "1" In_Cabin_Transceiver
    Automotive_PCB "1" *-- "1" Robust_RF_Shield
    Automotive_PCB "1" *-- "1" Miniaturized_Array_Antenna
    In_Cabin_Transceiver -- Miniaturized_Array_Antenna : Radio Feed Point
    Robust_RF_Shield --o In_Cabin_Transceiver : Encloses
    Miniaturized_Array_Antenna --|> U_Shape_Config

Derivative 1.8: Agricultural Livestock Tracking Ear Tag

• Enabling Description: The RF module is designed for integration into durable, low-cost ear tags for livestock tracking and health monitoring in agricultural environments. The PCB is a simplified, single-layer FR4 or CEM-1 board, ruggedized with a conformal coating for weatherproofing and impact resistance. The transceiver is an ultra-low-power RFIC optimized for LoRa or NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) communication in sub-GHz ISM bands (e.g., 868 MHz or 915 MHz), maximizing battery life for multi-year operation. The RF shield is implemented as a conductive paint or spray coating on the internal surface of the ear tag's robust plastic enclosure, electrically connected to the PCB's ground plane. The chip antenna is a flexible printed circuit (FPC) antenna or a robust ceramic chip antenna, specifically designed for animal-worn applications to withstand harsh outdoor conditions (e.g., temperature extremes, moisture, physical abrasion) and maintain efficient omnidirectional coverage while retaining the U-shaped arrangement for compactness within the ear tag.

flowchart TD
    A[Ruggedized PCB (Conformal Coated)] --> B{Ultra-Low-Power LoRa/NB-IoT Transceiver};
    B --> C{Simplified Matching/Filtering Network};
    C --> D[Conductive Paint RF Shield (Internal Enclosure)];
    D --- E[Robust FPC/Ceramic Chip Antenna];
    C --- E : Radio Feed Point;
    E --> F[Livestock Tracking/Health Monitoring];
    D --> F;

Derivative 1.9: Smart Retail Shelf Inventory Tag with UWB for Precision Location

• Enabling Description: The RF module is highly miniaturized and cost-optimized for integration into electronic shelf labels (ESLs) or smart retail inventory tags, enabling real-time, precise item location. The PCB is an ultra-thin, low-cost flexible circuit (e.g., PET or PEN substrate). The transceiver is a UWB (Ultra-Wideband) RFIC for high-precision ranging and identification, operating in the 3.1-10.6 GHz band. The RF shield is a thin, evaporated aluminum layer or a conductive ink pattern printed on an internal layer of the flexible substrate, providing localized EMI protection from dense electronic environments on retail shelves. The chip antenna is a compact UWB monopole or dipole antenna printed directly on the flexible substrate, optimized for near-field communication and resistance to detuning from nearby products, maintaining the U-shaped configuration for efficient space utilization within the ultra-thin tag.

classDiagram
    class Ultra_Thin_PCB {
        +Flexible PET/PEN Substrate
    }
    class UWB_Transceiver {
        +High-Precision Ranging
    }
    class Integrated_Passives {
        +Micro-Scale Components
    }
    class Evaporated_Al_Shield {
        +Thin-Film Shielding
    }
    class Printed_UWB_Antenna {
        +Monopole/Dipole on Flex
        +U-Shape Configuration
    }

    Ultra_Thin_PCB "1" *-- "1" UWB_Transceiver
    Ultra_Thin_PCB "1" *-- "1" Integrated_Passives
    UWB_Transceiver "1" -- "1" Integrated_Passives
    Ultra_Thin_PCB -- Evaporated_Al_Shield : Encloses
    Ultra_Thin_PCB "1" *-- "1" Printed_UWB_Antenna
    Integrated_Passives -- Printed_UWB_Antenna : Radio Feed Point
    Printed_UWB_Antenna --|> U_Shape_Config

---

4. Integration with Emerging Tech

Derivative 1.10: AI-Optimized Adaptive RF Module with Tunable Impedance Matching

• Enabling Description: This RF module integrates an embedded Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) co-processor (e.g., a low-power neural network accelerator) with the microcontroller. The AI analyzes real-time environmental RF conditions (e.g., RSSI, noise floor, interference patterns from an integrated spectrum analyzer), antenna detuning due to proximity effects (using embedded impedance sensors), and application requirements (e.g., desired range, data rate, power consumption). Based on this analysis, the AI dynamically optimizes the matching/filtering network using electronically tunable components such as MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) varactors or RF MEMS switches to reconfigure impedance matching. The U-shaped antenna configuration provides a baseline efficient structure, which the AI then fine-tunes for optimal performance in varying conditions, dynamically adjusting the "radio feed point" characteristics. This adaptive capability allows the module to maintain peak performance and extend range under challenging or changing electromagnetic interference conditions.

flowchart TD
    A[IoT RF Module (Claim 1 Structure)] --> B{Integrated AI/ML Co-processor};
    B --> C[Environmental RF Sensors (RSSI, Noise)];
    B --> D[Antenna Impedance Sensors];
    B --> E[Application Requirements];
    B -- "Dynamic Control Signals" --> F[Tunable Matching/Filtering Network (MEMS Varactors/Switches)];
    F --> G[Radio Feed Point];
    G --> H[Chip Antenna (U-Shape)];
    H --> I[Adaptive RF Performance (Range, Power)];
    C --> B; D --> B; E --> B;

Derivative 1.11: IoT-Enabled Real-Time Environmental Monitoring Module with Blockchain-Secured Data

• Enabling Description: The RF module, conforming to the U-shaped antenna and shielding design, is augmented with a suite of integrated IoT sensors (e.g., MEMS temperature, humidity, CO2, particulate matter sensors) connected to the microcontroller. The transceiver assembly transmits aggregated, time-stamped sensor data. A dedicated hardware Secure Element (SE) (e.g., a TrustZone-enabled microcontroller or a standalone crypto-chip) is integrated to perform cryptographic operations. Each sensor data packet is cryptographically signed using a unique digital certificate stored in the SE, and a hash of the data, along with its signature, is appended to the packet. These authenticated packets are then transmitted using the module's efficient RF stage. For enhanced data integrity and transparency, a lightweight distributed ledger (blockchain) client is run on a gateway or server receiving these packets. The gateway validates the signatures and records the sensor data transactions onto the blockchain, providing an immutable record of environmental conditions. The U-shaped antenna ensures reliable wireless links for secure data transmission to the blockchain-enabled gateway.

sequenceDiagram
    participant Sensor_Module as RF Module (Claim 1)
    participant Gateway
    participant Blockchain_Network as Blockchain

    Sensor_Module->>Sensor_Module: Collect Sensor Data (Temp, CO2)
    Sensor_Module->>Sensor_Module: Create Data Packet
    Sensor_Module->>Sensor_Module: Sign Packet with Secure Element (SE)
    Sensor_Module->>Gateway: Transmit Signed Data Packet (U-Shape Antenna)
    Gateway->>Gateway: Verify Signature
    Gateway->>Blockchain_Network: Record Data Hash & Signature as Transaction
    Blockchain_Network->>Blockchain_Network: Validate and Add Block
    Gateway->>Gateway: Store Verified Sensor Data

---

5. The "Inverse" or Failure Mode

Derivative 1.12: Low-Power, Safe-Mode Module for Critical Infrastructure Monitoring

• Enabling Description: This RF module is designed for critical infrastructure monitoring (e.g., bridge structural integrity, pipeline pressure) where continuous operation is paramount, even under partial system failure or power grid outages. The module incorporates a primary power input and a secondary, low-power energy harvesting system (e.g., solar micro-panel, vibrational energy harvester) or a supercapacitor backup. Upon detection of primary power failure by the microcontroller, the module transitions into a "safe mode" or "low-power beaconing mode." In this mode, the transceiver operates at significantly reduced transmit power (e.g., -10 dBm) and a reduced data rate (e.g., 100 bps). The matching/filtering network is reconfigured (e.g., by disabling active components or switching to a simplified passive path) for minimal power consumption. The U-shaped antenna configuration is optimized for minimum power while maintaining a critical short-range (e.g., 50-100 meters) for emergency beaconing or status updates. The transmit data packets include a "safe-mode" flag in the header, informing listening receivers of the module's reduced operational status. The RF shield continues to provide EMI protection, ensuring reliable low-power signaling.

stateDiagram
    [*] --> Operational_Mode
    Operational_Mode --> Low_Power_Beacon_Mode : Primary Power Fail
    Low_Power_Beacon_Mode --> Operational_Mode : Primary Power Restored
    Low_Power_Beacon_Mode --> [*] : Backup Power Depleted

    state Operational_Mode {
        Operational_Mode : Full Functionality
        Operational_Mode : High Tx Power
        Operational_Mode : Normal Data Rate
        Operational_Mode : U-Shape Antenna Optimized for Range
    }

    state Low_Power_Beacon_Mode {
        Low_Power_Beacon_Mode : Reduced Functionality
        Low_Power_Beacon_Mode : Low Tx Power
        Low_Power_Beacon_Mode : Emergency Beacon Data Rate
        Low_Power_Beacon_Mode : U-Shape Antenna Optimized for Low_Power
        Low_Power_Beacon_Mode : "Safe-Mode" Flag in Packet
        Low_Power_Beacon_Mode : Powered by Energy Harvester/Supercap
    }

Derivative 1.13: Limited-Functionality "Listen-Only" Module with RF Energy Harvesting

• Enabling Description: This module is designed for ultra-low-power, "listen-only" applications, acting primarily as a data receiver or passive context sensor. The transmit path of the transceiver is permanently disabled or implemented with extremely low power output, only for short-range device identification or link establishment. The module incorporates an RF energy harvesting circuit (e.g., a rectenna) that captures ambient RF energy (e.g., from Wi-Fi, cellular, DTV broadcasts) to power itself and charge a small capacitor or micro-battery. The U-shaped antenna configuration is optimized for broadband RF energy capture, acting as both a receive antenna and an energy harvesting antenna. The matching/filtering network is simplified and tuned for maximum receive sensitivity across relevant frequency bands. The RF shield protects the sensitive receive amplifier from environmental noise, ensuring robust data reception even with limited internal power. This module can receive and decode broadcast data packets but cannot initiate its own transmissions for general data, only for predefined very low-power responses if energy allows.

flowchart TD
    A[Ambient RF Energy] --> B{RF Energy Harvesting Circuit (Rectenna)};
    B --> C[Power Management Unit];
    C --> D[Ultra-Low-Power Transceiver (Receive Only)];
    D --> E{Simplified Matching/Filtering Network (Rx Optimized)};
    E --> F[U-Shape Antenna (Rx & Energy Capture)];
    F --> G[Data Processing/Storage];
    C -- "Charge Micro-Battery/Capacitor" --> G;
    G --> H[Output Received Data / Limited ID Transmit];
    D -- "Data Received" --> G;
    Shield --> D;

---

Derivatives of Core Claim 11: Method of Wirelessly Transmitting Data

Claim 11 Summary: A method involving transmitting a data packet with an initialized repeat signal, receiving it at a second location, determining the repeat signal's value, transmitting it to a third location with a modified repeat bit if initialized, and discarding it if the repeat signal is different (already repeated).

---

1. Material & Component Substitution (as applied to implementing network technologies)

Derivative 11.1: Optical (Li-Fi) Repeater Method for Indoor Navigation

• Enabling Description: This method applies the repeat signal logic to an optical wireless communication (Li-Fi) system for indoor navigation and asset tracking. Data packets are modulated light signals (e.g., using Visible Light Communication (VLC) with LEDs or Infrared Communication (IRC)). The "repeat signal" is a specific 4-bit sequence embedded in the optical packet header. A primary Li-Fi transmitter (e.g., a ceiling-mounted LED fixture, first location) broadcasts location beacons with the repeat signal initialized to '0000'. An intermediate Li-Fi receiver/repeater module (e.g., a wall-mounted relay, second location) detects the optical packet, decodes the header, and verifies the repeat signal. If initialized, it re-encodes the optical packet, modifies the repeat signal to '0001' (e.g., by changing a header bit), and re-transmits the optical packet to a third location (e.g., another Li-Fi receiver or a centralized gateway). If the received repeat signal is already modified (e.g., '0001'), the packet is discarded to prevent infinite optical reflections or redundant re-transmissions within the Li-Fi network.

sequenceDiagram
    participant Tx as Li-Fi Transmitter (1st Loc)
    participant Rpt as Li-Fi Repeater (2nd Loc)
    participant Rx as Li-Fi Receiver (3rd Loc)

    Tx->>Rpt: Optical Data Packet [Repeat_Sig=0000]
    Rpt->>Rpt: Check Repeat Signal
    alt Repeat_Sig == 0000
        Rpt->>Rpt: Modify Repeat Signal [Repeat_Sig=0001]
        Rpt->>Rx: Optical Data Packet [Repeat_Sig=0001]
    else Repeat_Sig != 0000
        Rpt->>Rpt: Discard Packet
    end
    Rx->>Rx: Process Data

Derivative 11.2: Acoustic (Ultrasonic) Repeater for Subterranean Communication

• Enabling Description: This method implements the repeat signal logic in an acoustic communication system, specifically using ultrasonic pulses for data transmission in subterranean or underwater environments (e.g., boreholes, pipelines, cave systems). Data packets are composed of time-coded ultrasonic pulse sequences (e.g., 40 kHz carrier, BFSK modulation). The "repeat signal" is a unique spread-spectrum code embedded in the packet's preamble, with an initialized code ('Code_A') for first transmissions. An acoustic transmitter (first location) emits these packets. An acoustic repeater (second location) equipped with a hydrophone or geophone receives the ultrasonic signal, decodes the preamble, and determines if the repeat signal matches 'Code_A'. If so, it re-encodes the packet, modifies the repeat signal to 'Code_B' (a different spread-spectrum code), and re-transmits the ultrasonic packet to a third location (e.g., another repeater or a surface receiver). If the received repeat signal is 'Code_B' or any other non-initialized code, the packet is filtered and discarded by the repeater to prevent acoustic reverberation artifacts and redundant relaying.

sequenceDiagram
    participant Tx as Acoustic Transmitter (1st Loc)
    participant Rpt as Acoustic Repeater (2nd Loc)
    participant Rx as Acoustic Receiver (3rd Loc)

    Tx->>Rpt: Ultrasonic Packet [Repeat_Code=Code_A]
    Rpt->>Rpt: Check Repeat Code
    alt Repeat_Code == Code_A
        Rpt->>Rpt: Modify Repeat Code [Repeat_Code=Code_B]
        Rpt->>Rx: Ultrasonic Packet [Repeat_Code=Code_B]
    else Repeat_Code != Code_A
        Rpt->>Rpt: Discard Packet (Acoustic Filtering)
    end
    Rx->>Rx: Process Data

---

2. Operational Parameter Expansion

Derivative 11.3: High-Throughput, Multi-Hop Mesh Repeater with Dynamic Hop Count and Path ID

• Enabling Description: This method extends the repeat signal to a multi-bit "hop count" field (e.g., 4 bits, allowing 15 hops, with initialized value 15) and an additional "path ID list" field within the data packet. A transmitter (first location) sends a packet with hop_count = 15 and an empty path_ID_list. A repeater (second location) receives the packet. It decrements hop_count by one. It then checks if its own unique repeater_ID is present in the path_ID_list. If hop_count > 0 and its repeater_ID is not in the path_ID_list, the repeater adds its repeater_ID to the path_ID_list and re-transmits the packet to a third location. If hop_count = 0 or if its repeater_ID is already in the path_ID_list (indicating a loop), the packet is discarded. This enables more sophisticated mesh networking with a predefined maximum number of hops while actively preventing routing loops in an acknowledgment-free environment.

flowchart TD
    A[Transmit Packet (1st Loc)] --> B{Packet: Data, Hop_Count=15, Path_ID_List=[]};
    B --> C[Receive Packet (2nd Loc - Repeater)];
    C --> D{Decrement Hop_Count};
    D --> E{Is Hop_Count > 0?};
    E -- No --> G[Discard Packet];
    E -- Yes --> F{Is Repeater_ID in Path_ID_List?};
    F -- Yes (Loop Detected) --> G;
    F -- No --> H{Add Repeater_ID to Path_ID_List};
    H --> I[Transmit Packet (3rd Loc - with new Hop_Count & Path_ID_List)];
    I --> J[Next Repeater/Final Receiver];

Derivative 11.4: Ultra-Low-Latency Deterministic Repeater System with Hardware-Accelerated Repeat Logic

• Enabling Description: This method optimizes the repeater function for applications requiring ultra-low, deterministic latency (e.g., real-time industrial control, distributed sensor fusion for autonomous systems). The repeat signal detection and modification logic are implemented directly in dedicated hardware (e.g., a low-power FPGA or an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit - ASIC) within each repeater module, bypassing software processing delays. The "at least one frequency" is extended to include simultaneous parallel transmissions of identical data packets across multiple distinct sub-bands (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and a proprietary sub-GHz band) using a spread-spectrum technique. Each transmitted packet includes a single "repeat bit" (initialized to 0). Upon hardware-accelerated detection of a packet with a '0' repeat bit, the FPGA/ASIC instantaneously flips it to '1' and re-transmits the packet on all parallel sub-bands within a guaranteed latency of <100 nanoseconds. If a packet is received with a '1' repeat bit, it is immediately discarded by the hardware, ensuring that only the first received instance of a non-repeated packet is forwarded with minimal delay, crucial for critical control loops.

sequenceDiagram
    participant Tx as Transmitter (1st Loc)
    participant HW_Rpt as HW-Accelerated Repeater (2nd Loc)
    participant Rx as Receiver (3rd Loc)

    Tx->>HW_Rpt: Data Packet [Repeat_Bit=0] (on multiple sub-bands)
    HW_Rpt->>HW_Rpt: Hardware Detects Repeat_Bit=0
    HW_Rpt->>HW_Rpt: Instantly Flip Repeat_Bit to 1 (latency <100ns)
    HW_Rpt->>Rx: Data Packet [Repeat_Bit=1] (re-transmitted on multiple sub-bands)
    Rx->>Rx: Process Data

    HW_Rpt->>HW_Rpt: Receive Data Packet [Repeat_Bit=1] (from another path/reflection)
    HW_Rpt->>HW_Rpt: Hardware Detects Repeat_Bit=1
    HW_Rpt->>HW_Rpt: Instantly Discard Packet

---

3. Cross-Domain Application

Derivative 11.5: Disaster Relief Emergency Mesh Communication for Ad-Hoc Networks

• Enabling Description: This method is deployed in a rapidly-deployable, ad-hoc wireless mesh network for disaster relief scenarios where existing communication infrastructure is compromised. Small, ruggedized, battery-powered RF modules (e.g., drone-deployable nodes or wearable devices for first responders) operate as both transmitters and repeaters. Initial distress signals, sensor readings (e.g., CO2, heat signatures), or location beacons from affected areas (first location) are transmitted as data packets containing an initialized "repeat signal" (e.g., a 1-byte field set to 0x00). When a repeater module receives such a packet (second location), it checks the repeat signal. If 0x00, the repeater modifies it to 0x01 and re-transmits the packet to extend the communication range towards command centers or satellite uplinks (third location). If the repeat signal is 0x01 or any other non-initialized value, the packet is discarded to prevent network congestion, which is critical for limited bandwidth and power resources in emergency situations. The system prioritizes forwarding of unique, newly generated data packets.

flowchart TD
    A[Disaster Area Transmitter (e.g., Drone/Wearable)] --> B{Data Packet: Emergency_Info, Repeat_Sig=0x00};
    B --> C[Repeater Module (First Responder/Static Node)];
    C --> D{Check Repeat_Sig};
    D -- Repeat_Sig == 0x00 --> E{Set Repeat_Sig = 0x01};
    E --> F[Re-transmit Packet];
    F --> G[Command Center / Satellite Uplink (Third Location)];
    D -- Repeat_Sig != 0x00 --> H[Discard Packet (Prevent Congestion)];

Derivative 11.6: Underground Mine Safety Communication with Personnel Tracking

• Enabling Description: This method establishes a robust, one-way communication backbone for safety and personnel tracking in underground mining environments, where RF signals face extreme attenuation and multipath. Miner-worn personal safety devices (first location) continuously transmit low-power data packets containing personnel ID, vital signs, and an initialized "repeat signal" (e.g., a timestamp of the last original transmission, with '0' as its initial transmission flag). Strategically placed ruggedized, explosion-proof RF repeater modules (second location) receive these packets. A repeater verifies the repeat signal; if it signifies an original transmission (initial '0' flag in timestamp), it modifies the flag to '1' (indicating it has been repeated once) and re-transmits the packet towards the mine shaft or surface control (third location). Packets with a '1' flag in the repeat signal are discarded to avoid redundant re-transmissions and conserve energy, crucial for maintaining network integrity and preventing interference in confined spaces.

sequenceDiagram
    participant Miner_Tx as Miner's Safety Device (1st Loc)
    participant Mine_Repeater as Underground Repeater (2nd Loc)
    participant Surface_Rx as Surface Control (3rd Loc)

    Miner_Tx->>Mine_Repeater: Health Data Packet [Timestamp_Flag=0]
    Mine_Repeater->>Mine_Repeater: Check Timestamp_Flag
    alt Timestamp_Flag == 0
        Mine_Repeater->>Mine_Repeater: Set Timestamp_Flag = 1
        Mine_Repeater->>Surface_Rx: Health Data Packet [Timestamp_Flag=1]
    else Timestamp_Flag == 1
        Mine_Repeater->>Mine_Repeater: Discard Packet
    end
    Surface_Rx->>Surface_Rx: Log Miner's Health/Location

Derivative 11.7: Smart City Environmental Sensor Grid with Self-Organizing Data Collection

• Enabling Description: This method applies the repeater logic to a large-scale smart city network for collecting environmental data (e.g., air quality, noise, traffic density). Thousands of low-cost, battery-powered sensor nodes (first location), embedded in street furniture or public infrastructure, periodically transmit data packets. Each packet includes sensor readings and a unique packet sequence number that also serves as the "repeat signal" for its initial transmission. Public transport vehicles, streetlights with integrated IoT gateways, or dedicated urban IoT repeaters (second location) receive these packets. A repeater checks if the packet sequence number has been seen before by itself within a short time window. If it's a new, original packet (first time seeing this sequence number), the repeater modifies the repeat signal (e.g., increments a hop counter within the packet and adds its own ID to a "relay path" field) and re-transmits the packet towards a central city data platform (third location). If the packet's repeat signal indicates it has already been relayed (e.g., hop counter > 0), or if the sequence number is a duplicate from its own recent history, the packet is discarded to prevent redundant data flooding and optimize network bandwidth in a dense urban environment.

flowchart TD
    A[City Sensor Node (1st Loc)] --> B{Data Packet: Sensor_Data, Pkt_Seq_Num};
    B --> C[Urban Repeater/Gateway (2nd Loc)];
    C --> D{Check Pkt_Seq_Num (Is it new/original?)};
    D -- Yes (Original) --> E{Modify Repeat_Sig (e.g., increment hop count)};
    E --> F[Re-transmit Packet];
    F --> G[Central City Data Platform (3rd Loc)];
    D -- No (Already relayed/Duplicate) --> H[Discard Packet];

---

4. Integration with Emerging Tech

Derivative 11.8: AI-Managed Adaptive Repeater Mesh with Contextual Routing

• Enabling Description: This method enhances the repeater logic by integrating an AI/ML agent at each repeater node. The "repeat signal" is extended to include not just a binary flag, but also metadata such as packet priority (e.g., emergency, normal, telemetry), source node type, and a timestamp. The AI agent at each repeater (second location) continuously monitors the local RF spectrum, network load, and the power status of neighboring repeaters. When a packet is received, the AI analyzes its repeat signal and metadata. If the packet's repeat signal is initialized and the packet is not a duplicate, the AI dynamically decides whether to re-transmit immediately, buffer for aggregation, or route via a specific neighboring repeater, based on packet priority, current network congestion, and available link quality. For example, emergency packets are immediately re-transmitted with a modified repeat bit and higher power, while telemetry packets might be buffered for 500ms for aggregation. Packets with non-initialized repeat signals are discarded. This enables intelligent, adaptive routing and resource allocation in complex, dynamic networks without explicit acknowledgment.

stateDiagram
    [*] --> Idle
    Idle --> Receive_Packet : Packet Arrives

    state Receive_Packet {
        Receive_Packet : Analyze Repeat Signal & Metadata
        Receive_Packet --> AI_Decision : AI/ML Agent
        AI_Decision --> Re_Transmit : Priority Packet
        AI_Decision --> Buffer_Aggregate : Telemetry Packet
        AI_Decision --> Discard_Packet : Invalid/Duplicated Packet
    }

    Re_Transmit --> Idle : Packet Sent
    Buffer_Aggregate --> Idle : Packet Buffered
    Discard_Packet --> Idle : Packet Discarded

Derivative 11.9: Blockchain-Secured Data Integrity for Repeater Networks with Proof-of-Relay

• Enabling Description: This method integrates blockchain technology with the repeater function to ensure data integrity, origin authentication, and non-repudiation across multi-hop, one-way networks. Each data packet includes the original payload, a unique transaction ID, a cryptographic hash of the payload, and an initialized "repeat bit." When a repeater (second location) receives a packet with an initialized repeat bit, it first verifies the cryptographic hash against the payload. If valid, the repeater generates a "proof-of-relay" (e.g., a digitally signed timestamped receipt including its own repeater_ID and the transaction ID). It then modifies the repeat bit and appends its repeater_ID and the hash of its proof-of-relay to the packet. This augmented packet is then re-transmitted. The proof-of-relay can be optionally submitted to a lightweight distributed ledger (blockchain) by the repeater or a subsequent gateway, creating an auditable chain of custody for the data. If the received packet has a non-initialized repeat bit or fails hash verification, it is discarded. This ensures that only authenticated and verified data traverses the network, with an immutable record of each relay hop.

sequenceDiagram
    participant Tx as Transmitter (1st Loc)
    participant Rpt as Repeater (2nd Loc)
    participant Blockchain as Blockchain Network
    participant Rx as Final Receiver (3rd Loc)

    Tx->>Rpt: Data Packet [Tx_ID, Hash_Payload, Repeat_Bit=0]
    Rpt->>Rpt: Verify Hash_Payload
    alt Hash Valid AND Repeat_Bit=0
        Rpt->>Rpt: Create Proof-of-Relay (signed by Repeater)
        Rpt->>Rpt: Modify Repeat_Bit=1
        Rpt->>Rpt: Append Repeater_ID & Proof_Hash to Packet
        Rpt->>Rx: Augmented Packet [Tx_ID, Hash_Payload, Repeat_Bit=1, Rpt_ID, Proof_Hash]
        Rpt->>Blockchain: Optional: Submit Proof-of-Relay to Blockchain
    else Hash Invalid OR Repeat_Bit=1
        Rpt->>Rpt: Discard Packet
    end
    Rx->>Rx: Verify Data Integrity and Proof-of-Relay Chain

---

5. The "Inverse" or Failure Mode

Derivative 11.10: Self-Healing Repeater Network with Intelligent Dead-Man Switch

• Enabling Description: This method enhances the repeater function with an intelligent dead-man switch for network resilience. In addition to the standard repeat bit, each data packet includes a "repeater health check interval" and a "last known good repeater ID" field. A transmitter (first location) sends packets with an initialized repeat bit and empty last_known_good_ID. A repeater (second location) that successfully receives and re-transmits a packet (modifying the repeat bit) also starts an internal timer for repeater_health_check_interval. If this repeater fails to receive any subsequent packet from the original source or an upstream repeater within its health_check_interval, it assumes an upstream link failure or repeater failure. In response, it can initiate a broadcast on a designated emergency frequency with its own repeater_ID and the last_known_good_ID from the last received packet, signaling a broken link. Downstream repeaters or a network controller can then dynamically reconfigure their listening priorities or inform an AI-driven network management system to route around the failed segment. The core discard logic still prevents repeated packets from looping.

stateDiagram
    [*] --> Active
    Active --> Processing_Packet : Packet Received
    Processing_Packet --> Checking_Repeat_Bit : Check Repeat Bit
    Checking_Repeat_Bit -- Valid --> Modify_And_Transmit : Process & Re-transmit
    Checking_Repeat_Bit -- Invalid --> Discard : Discard Packet
    Modify_And_Transmit --> Start_Health_Timer : Re-transmission complete
    Start_Health_Timer --> Check_Upstream_Traffic : Timer Running
    Check_Upstream_Traffic -- Timeout --> Broadcast_Failure : No Upstream Traffic
    Broadcast_Failure --> Active : Signal Sent, Resume Active

    state Discard {
        Discard : Packet thrown away
        Discard --> Active
    }
    state Broadcast_Failure {
        Broadcast_Failure : Send "Upstream Failure" message
        Broadcast_Failure : Include last_known_good_ID
    }

Derivative 11.11: Low-Priority Data Aggregation and Throttling Repeater for Event-Driven Telemetry

• Enabling Description: This method designs repeaters to intelligently handle low-priority, event-driven telemetry data by aggregating multiple packets before re-transmission, reducing network load. The "repeat signal" in this case is a combination of a standard repeat bit and a "priority flag" (e.g., 0 for high, 1 for low). Transmitters (first location) send packets with the repeat bit initialized and the appropriate priority flag. A repeater (second location) receives a packet. If the repeat bit is initialized and the priority flag indicates high, the repeater immediately modifies the repeat bit and re-transmits. However, if the priority flag indicates low, the repeater does not immediately re-transmit. Instead, it buffers the packet and starts an aggregation timer (e.g., 5 seconds). During this interval, it continues to receive and buffer other low-priority, non-repeated packets. Once the timer expires, or a maximum buffer size is reached, the repeater consolidates all buffered packets into a single aggregated packet, modifies the repeat bit, and then transmits this single, larger packet to the third location. Packets with a non-initialized repeat bit are discarded regardless of priority. This approach effectively throttles non-critical data, making efficient use of airtime for infrequent but cumulative events.

flowchart TD
    A[Tx (1st Loc)] --> B{Data Pkt: Payload, Repeat_Bit=0, Priority_Flag};
    B --> C[Repeater (2nd Loc)];
    C --> D{Check Repeat_Bit & Priority_Flag};
    D -- Repeat_Bit=0 & Priority=High --> E[Modify Repeat_Bit=1];
    E --> F[Re-transmit Immediately];
    D -- Repeat_Bit=0 & Priority=Low --> G[Buffer Packet & Start Aggregation Timer];
    G --> H{Aggregation Timer Expires OR Buffer Full?};
    H -- Yes --> I[Consolidate Buffered Packets];
    I --> J[Modify Repeat_Bit=1 for Aggregated Pkt];
    J --> K[Transmit Aggregated Packet];
    D -- Repeat_Bit=1 --> L[Discard Packet];

---

Combination Prior Art Scenarios

These scenarios combine aspects of US Patent 8610573 with existing open-source standards to create prior art, making future incremental advancements in these combined domains potentially obvious.

1. US8610573 (RF Module Structure) + LoRaWAN (Open Standard for LPWAN)

• Description: A defensive disclosure detailing an RF module designed specifically for LoRaWAN applications that incorporates the physical features of Claim 1 of US8610573. This module would consist of a multi-layer PCB housing a Semtech SX1276 (or similar LoRa transceiver) and its associated matching/filtering network. A compact ground plane surrounds the transceiver assembly, which is covered by a standard metal RF shield. Crucially, a compact ceramic chip antenna (e.g., a specific Johanson Technology chip antenna model) is placed outside the shield and arranged generally parallel to the linear matching/filtering network, with a radio feed point creating the distinctive U-shaped configuration described in US8610573. The disclosure would provide specific dimensions and component placements, illustrating how this compact, shielded, U-shaped antenna design can be used to construct a fully functional LoRaWAN Class A end-device module operating in the 868 MHz or 915 MHz ISM bands, adhering to the LoRaWAN Regional Parameters specification. This makes it obvious to implement the compact form factor in LoRaWAN devices.

2. US8610573 (Interference Reduction Method) + IEEE 802.15.4 (Open Standard for LR-WPANs like Zigbee/Thread)

• Description: A defensive disclosure describing an IEEE 802.15.4 compliant wireless device (e.g., a Zigbee or Thread end-device or router) that employs the multi-frequency transmission method of US8610573 (Claims 8-10) to mitigate Wi-Fi interference. The device's firmware would implement a frequency agility scheme where standard 802.15.4 data frames are transmitted in bursts. Each burst would contain the same data packet, but sequentially transmitted on three distinct 2.4 GHz channels: 2424 MHz (between Wi-Fi channels 1 and 6), 2450 MHz (between Wi-Fi channels 6 and 11), and 2479 MHz (above Wi-Fi channel 11), as exemplified in US8610573. The receiving 802.15.4 device would continuously scan these three frequencies, accepting the first valid packet received and discarding duplicates. This combination provides a robust, interference-resistant 802.15.4 communication link by leveraging the patented frequency diversity strategy.

3. US8610573 (Repeater Method) + MQTT-SN (Open Standard for IoT Messaging for Sensor Networks)

• Description: A defensive disclosure detailing an IoT network where resource-constrained sensor nodes communicate using MQTT-SN (MQTT for Sensor Networks), and range extension is achieved through repeaters implementing the acknowledgment-free repeat signal method of US8610573 (Claim 11). Sensor nodes (first location) publish MQTT-SN messages, with each message including a fixed 1-byte "repeat flag" in its custom header, initialized to 0x00. Lightweight MQTT-SN repeaters (second location) are strategically deployed. When a repeater receives an MQTT-SN message with repeat_flag = 0x00, it modifies the flag to 0x01 and immediately forwards the message. If a repeater receives an MQTT-SN message with repeat_flag = 0x01 (indicating it has already been repeated), it discards the message. This system enables efficient, one-way MQTT-SN data collection from widely distributed sensors to a central MQTT broker (third location), without the overhead of two-way handshaking or complex routing protocols, particularly beneficial in LPWAN or mesh deployments where acknowledgments are power-intensive or unreliable.