US 12502870

US12502870: Electrochromic Films with Edge Protection – A Technical Overview

Title: Electrochromic films with edge protection

Assignee: Lannray Optoelectronics Zhenjiang Co Ltd

Inventors: Zhao Chen, Jian Wang, Yan Zhou

Filing Date: March 15, 2024

Issue Date: December 23, 2025

Abstract: The patent describes a method for preparing an electrochromic device that incorporates edge protection. This method involves placing an edge protection material on first and second substrates, then positioning first and second interlayers within the area defined by the edge protection material on these substrates. An electrochromic film is then placed between these interlayers. The primary function of the edge protection material is to prevent chemicals from the interlayers from infiltrating the electrochromic film.

Plain-Language Overview of Independent Claims:

The patent contains one independent claim (Claim 1), which describes an electrochromic device with a specific edge protection configuration:

• Claim 1: This claim describes an electrochromic device featuring an electrochromic film with two electrode layers (a first and a second electrode layer) that face each other. The key inventive aspect is how the edges of these electrode layers are cut and sealed. Specifically, the first electrode layer is cut in a way that exposes a part of the inner surface of the second electrode layer. Conversely, the second electrode layer is cut to expose a portion of the inner surface of the first electrode layer. These exposed, opposing inner surfaces are then sealed by a first and a second edge protection material, respectively. This design aims to protect the active components of the electrochromic film.

CAFC 2026 Dockets:

A review of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC) scheduled cases for May and June 2026 did not reveal any dockets specifically mentioning US Patent 12502870. Therefore, there is no authoritative information currently available indicating active litigation for this patent in the CAFC for 2026.

As of April 26, 2026, there is no known litigation specifically involving US patent 12502870. Searches of databases covering patent litigation, such as Unified Patents and CAFC dockets, did not return any cases for this specific patent number.

While general information regarding patent litigation and PACER class action lawsuits was found, none of it pertained to US patent 12502870 directly.

Proceedings overview

There is one pending AIA trial proceeding on US patent 12502870, a Post-Grant Review (PGR) filed by Ambilight Inc. This means the patent's claims are currently undergoing examination at the PTAB, leaving the defensive posture somewhat uncertain until a final decision is reached.

PGR2026-00053 — Ambilight Inc. v. Lannray Optoelectronics Zhenjiang Co Ltd

• Type: Post-Grant Review
• Filed: 2026-06-01
• Status: Pending
• Judge panel: Not yet publicly available.
• Petition grounds: Not yet publicly available.
• Institution decision: Not yet issued. The institution decision is due within six months of the filing date, around December 1, 2026.
• Final Written Decision (if issued): Not yet issued.
• Settlement / termination: No settlement or termination on file.
• Appeal: No appeal yet, as no Final Written Decision has been issued.
• Defensive value: This active PGR proceeding indicates that the patentability of US12502870's claims is currently being challenged. A defendant facing assertion of this patent should closely monitor the progress and outcome of this PGR, as a successful challenge could invalidate some or all claims, significantly impacting any infringement theories.

Strategic summary

Currently, all claims of US12502870 are UNTESTED by a Final Written Decision, as the single pending PGR is still in its early stages. There are no canceled or sustained claims as of 2026-06-02.

The estoppel landscape is not yet established for this patent, as there has been no institution decision or final written decision in PGR2026-00053. Once an institution decision is made, and potentially a Final Written Decision, the petitioner (Ambilight Inc.) and its privies would be barred from raising any ground that was raised or reasonably could have been raised in the proceeding.

The filing of a PGR by Ambilight Inc. suggests that this patent may become a target for further challenges, especially if it is being actively asserted.

Recommended next steps

Since PGR2026-00053 is pending, a defendant should closely track its progress. The key upcoming milestone is the institution decision, expected around 2026-12-01. If the PGR is instituted, the trial will proceed, with a Final Written Decision due approximately one year from institution. Monitoring the petition grounds, the institution decision, and ultimately the Final Written Decision will be crucial to understand the defensive value and scope of the patent claims.

Inventors

• Zhao Chen
• Jian Wang
• Yan Zhou

At the time of filing, all inventors were associated with Lannray Optoelectronics Zhenjiang Co Ltd.

Original assignee

The original assignee, Lannray Optoelectronics Zhenjiang Co Ltd, is listed as the current assignee on Google Patents. Information on whether they ship a product embodying the claims or their primary line of business and current status is not available within the provided patent text or Google Patents information.

Assignment timeline

• 2018-11-12 (executed) / recorded 2024-03-18 — Reel 066806/0791

  • Conveyance: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST
  • Assignor: CHEN, ZHAO; WANG, JIAN; ZHOU, YAN
  • Assignee: FURCIFER INC., CALIFORNIA
  • Correspondent: Not specified in the provided text.
  • Context: Transfer of inventor's interest to a new entity.

• 2024-09-23 (executed) / recorded 2024-09-24 — Reel 068681/0150

  • Conveyance: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST
  • Assignor: Furcifer Inc.
  • Assignee: LANNRAY OPTOELECTRONICS (ZHENJIANG) CO. LTD., CHINA
  • Correspondent: Not specified in the provided text.
  • Context: Transfer from Furcifer Inc. back to Lannray Optoelectronics (Zhenjiang) Co. Ltd.

Timeline diagram

timeline
    title Ownership of US 12502870
    2018 : Inventors assign to Furcifer Inc.
    2024 : Furcifer Inc. assigns to Lannray

NPE / troll-pattern signals

1. Shell-entity transfer — unclear. Furcifer Inc. appears in the assignment chain, receiving the patent from the inventors. While the name doesn't explicitly suggest "IP/Patents/Holdings", further information on its business and address is needed to confirm if it acts as a shell entity. The re-assignment back to Lannray Optoelectronics Zhenjiang Co Ltd could indicate a temporary holding or a change in strategy.

2. Known asserter in the chain — not present. Neither Furcifer Inc. nor Lannray Optoelectronics Zhenjiang Co Ltd are identified as known NPEs in standard directories.

3. Repeat correspondent across the chain — unclear. The provided text from Google Patents does not include correspondent information for the assignments, making it impossible to assess this signal.

4. Cascading transfers — not present. There are two transfers in total, spanning over 5 years between the initial transfer from inventors to Furcifer and the subsequent transfer back to Lannray. This does not suggest rapid, consecutive transfers characteristic of cascading.

5. Pre-litigation transfer — unclear. No litigation is currently identified for US12502870 as of April 26, 2026. Therefore, a pre-litigation transfer cannot be confirmed.

6. Bankruptcy fire-sale — not present. There is no information in the provided text to suggest that any of the assignors filed for bankruptcy.

7. Privateering — unclear. There's no public information in the provided text to suggest privateering activities.

8. Defensive aggregator (anti-NPE) — not present. The chain does not terminate at a known defensive aggregator.

Verdict

Insufficient data. While there was an assignment from the inventors to Furcifer Inc. and then back to Lannray Optoelectronics Zhenjiang Co Ltd, the lack of information regarding the business activities of Furcifer Inc. and the absence of correspondent details for the assignments make it impossible to confidently identify any NPE patterns. The initial transfer to Furcifer Inc. was executed in 2018-11-12 and recorded in 2024-03-18, followed by a re-assignment to Lannray Optoelectronics (Zhenjiang) Co. Ltd. executed on 2024-09-23 and recorded on 2024-09-24.

USPTO Assignment Center Search

The USPTO database shows patent US12502870 as "Active" with a publication date of 2025-12-23 and an anticipated expiration of 2038-11-14.

To identify the most relevant prior art for US patent 12502870, I will list the patent citations provided in the "Citations" section of the patent document. For each, I will provide the full citation, publication/filing date, a brief description, and which claims it potentially anticipates under 35 U.S.C. § 102.

Prior Art Cited in US12502870:

1. US5406414A

   • Full Citation: US5406414A - Electrochromic rearview mirror for vehicles with constant light transmitting area
   • Publication Date: 1995-04-11 (Priority Date: 1992-04-27)
   • Brief Description: This patent describes an electrochromic rearview mirror for vehicles that maintains a constant light-transmitting area.
   • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): This reference broadly covers electrochromic devices in a vehicle context. It could potentially anticipate the general concept of an electrochromic device (Claim 1, preamble) and the use of electrode layers (Claim 1, element "a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer facing the first electrode layer of the electrochromic film"). However, its focus on a rearview mirror with a "constant light transmitting area" doesn't directly address the specific edge cutting and sealing claimed in US12502870, so it is unlikely to anticipate the unique edge protection features of claims 1-6 and 9-10. It could potentially anticipate material choices for electrode layers (claims 11, 12) if it discloses ITO electrodes.

2. US5818625A

   • Full Citation: US5818625A - Electrochromic rearview mirror incorporating a third surface metal reflector
   • Publication Date: 1998-10-06 (Priority Date: 1997-04-02)
   • Brief Description: This patent details an electrochromic rearview mirror that includes a third surface metal reflector.
   • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): Similar to US5406414A, this patent focuses on electrochromic rearview mirrors. It could potentially anticipate the general concept of an electrochromic device (Claim 1, preamble) and the presence of electrode layers (Claim 1, element "a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer facing the first electrode layer of the electrochromic film"). However, it does not appear to disclose the specific edge cutting and sealing configurations described in US12502870, making it unlikely to anticipate claims 1-6 and 9-10. It might anticipate electrode materials (claims 11, 12) if it specifies ITO.

3. JPH11316395A

   • Full Citation: JPH11316395A - Electrochromic device
   • Publication Date: 1999-11-16 (Priority Date: 1998-03-05)
   • Brief Description: This Japanese patent application describes an electrochromic device.
   • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): Without the full English text, a detailed analysis is difficult. However, as a general electrochromic device, it could potentially anticipate the broad concept of an electrochromic device and its basic layered structure (Claim 1, preamble and elements like electrode layers). Its relevance to the specific edge protection features of US12502870 (claims 1-6, 9-10) is uncertain without further review.

4. JP2000231125A

   • Full Citation: JP2000231125A - Electrochromic device
   • Publication Date: 2000-08-22 (Priority Date: 1998-12-10)
   • Brief Description: This Japanese patent application describes an electrochromic device.
   • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): Similar to JPH11316395A, a detailed assessment is difficult without the full English text. It could potentially anticipate generic features of an electrochromic device (Claim 1, preamble, and electrode layers). Its relevance to the specific edge protection and cutting of electrode layers of US12502870 is unknown.

5. JP2001033830A

   • Full Citation: JP2001033830A - Electrochromic element sealing structure
   • Publication Date: 2001-02-09 (Priority Date: 1999-07-22)
   • Brief Description: This Japanese patent application describes an electrochromic element sealing structure.
   • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): The title "Electrochromic element sealing structure" suggests this reference is highly relevant to the edge protection aspects of US12502870. It could potentially anticipate Claim 1 in its entirety if it discloses the specific cutting of electrode layers to expose inner surfaces and the sealing of these exposed portions with edge protection materials, or elements of it such as the use of edge protection materials to seal electrochromic devices. It also may anticipate claims 2-6 related to the shape and material of the edge protection, and claims 7-10 related to the overall device lamination and structure.

6. US20040067343A1

   • Full Citation: US20040067343A1 - Laminated glazing and means for its peripheral sealing
   • Publication Date: 2004-04-08 (Priority Date: 2000-10-18)
   • Brief Description: This patent application focuses on laminated glazing and the methods for its peripheral sealing.
   • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): While not specific to electrochromic devices, this reference is highly relevant to the concept of sealing the periphery of laminated structures. It could potentially anticipate Claim 7, which describes a laminated device with substrates and an interlayer, and where the electrode layers and edge protection materials are laminated within the interlayer. Depending on the details of its "peripheral sealing," it might also anticipate general concepts of edge protection (Claim 1, elements "a first edge protection material sealing..." and "a second edge protection material sealing...") but is less likely to anticipate the specific electrode cutting geometry.

7. WO2010032068A1

   • Full Citation: WO2010032068A1 - Switchable glazing
   • Publication Date: 2010-03-25 (Priority Date: 2008-09-22)
   • Brief Description: This international patent application describes switchable glazing, which can include electrochromic technology.
   • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): As "switchable glazing," this reference likely covers electrochromic devices. It could potentially anticipate the general elements of an electrochromic film and device (Claim 1, preamble and elements a, 8) and possibly the lamination with substrates and interlayers (Claim 7). Its relevance to the specific edge protection features (claims 1-6, 9-10) is unclear without a deeper dive into its sealing or edge treatment disclosures.

8. JP2011095406A

   • Full Citation: JP2011095406A - Electrochromic mirror
   • Publication Date: 2011-05-12 (Priority Date: 2009-10-28)
   • Brief Description: This Japanese patent application describes an electrochromic mirror.
   • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): Similar to the earlier US patents on rearview mirrors, this reference likely covers the general structure and function of an electrochromic device (Claim 1, preamble, and electrode layers). Its specific relevance to the edge protection features of US12502870 is uncertain.

9. US20120013969A1

   • Full Citation: US20120013969A1 - Spd films and light valve laminates with improved durability
   • Publication Date: 2012-01-19 (Priority Date: 2010-07-13)
   • Brief Description: This patent application pertains to SPD (Suspended Particle Device) films and light valve laminates, with a focus on improved durability.
   • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): While SPD films are different from electrochromic films, the emphasis on "laminates with improved durability" suggests it might discuss sealing or protection aspects that could be broadly relevant to the general goal of edge protection in US12502870. However, it is unlikely to anticipate the specific electrochromic film structure or the particular electrode cutting and sealing described in Claim 1. It might be relevant to Claim 7 if it discusses lamination processes that enhance durability.

10. US20130010347A1

    • Full Citation: US20130010347A1 - All-solid-state reflective dimming electrochromic element sealed with protective layer, and dimming member comprising the same
    • Publication Date: 2013-01-10 (Priority Date: 2010-01-08)
    • Brief Description: This patent application describes an all-solid-state reflective dimming electrochromic element that is sealed with a protective layer.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): The phrase "sealed with protective layer" in the title makes this a highly relevant piece of prior art for US12502870. It directly addresses the concept of protecting an electrochromic element. It could potentially anticipate Claim 1 in its entirety if it discloses the specific cutting of electrode layers to expose inner surfaces and the sealing of these exposed portions, or aspects of claims 2-6 regarding the nature of the protective layer. It also has a strong potential to anticipate claims 7-10 if it describes a laminated structure and the specific interaction of the protective layer with the electrochromic materials.

11. WO2014134714A2

    • Full Citation: WO2014134714A2 - Seal and seal system for a layered device
    • Publication Date: 2014-09-12 (Priority Date: 2013-03-07)
    • Brief Description: This international patent application describes a seal and seal system specifically for a layered device.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): This reference is very relevant due to its focus on "seal and seal system for a layered device," which would encompass electrochromic devices. It could potentially anticipate the general concept of edge protection in a layered structure (Claim 1, elements related to sealing). Depending on the specifics of its sealing system, it might also anticipate aspects of claims 2-6 (shape, material of seal) and Claim 7 (laminated structure). Its anticipation of the precise electrode cutting and exposed inner surface sealing of Claim 1 would depend on its detailed disclosure.

12. CN104375350A

    • Full Citation: CN104375350A - Multifunctional controllable electrochromic device and manufacturing method thereof
    • Publication Date: 2015-02-25 (Priority Date: 2014-10-31)
    • Brief Description: This Chinese patent application describes a multifunctional controllable electrochromic device and its manufacturing method.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): As a patent on an electrochromic device and its manufacturing, it could anticipate the fundamental aspects of the electrochromic device (Claim 1, preamble, and layered components in Claim 8). Its relevance to the specific edge protection features in Claim 1 and dependent claims would require a review of its detailed description of sealing or edge treatment.

13. CN104698715A

    • Full Citation: CN104698715A - All-solid electrochromic device
    • Publication Date: 2015-06-10 (Priority Date: 2013-12-04)
    • Brief Description: This Chinese patent application describes an all-solid electrochromic device.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): This reference is relevant to the "solid polymer electrolyte" aspect mentioned in the summary of US12502870. It could potentially anticipate the overall electrochromic device structure (Claim 1, preamble, and layered components in Claim 8, particularly if it explicitly details a solid electrolyte). Its anticipation of the specific edge protection features (Claim 1, elements related to cutting and sealing, and claims 2-6, 9-10) would depend on its detailed disclosure.

14. US20150301367A1

    • Full Citation: US20150301367A1 - Glazing having electrically switchable optical properties
    • Publication Date: 2015-10-22 (Priority Date: 2012-12-06)
    • Brief Description: This patent application describes glazing with electrically switchable optical properties, which can include electrochromic technology.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): Similar to WO2010032068A1, this reference covers "electrically switchable optical properties," likely encompassing electrochromic devices. It could anticipate general elements of the electrochromic film and device (Claim 1, preamble, and elements in Claim 8) and potentially the lamination with substrates and interlayers (Claim 7). Its relevance to the specific edge protection is unclear without further review.

15. US20150323849A1

    • Full Citation: US20150323849A1 - Electrochromic display device, and method for manufacturing same
    • Publication Date: 2015-11-12 (Priority Date: 2012-12-17)
    • Brief Description: This patent application describes an electrochromic display device and its manufacturing method.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): This reference covers electrochromic devices and their manufacturing. It could anticipate the general components of an electrochromic device (Claim 1, preamble, and elements in Claim 8). Its anticipation of the specific edge protection features (Claim 1, elements related to cutting and sealing, and claims 2-6, 9-10) would depend on its detailed disclosure of the manufacturing method, especially regarding edge treatment or sealing.

16. US20160282645A1

    • Full Citation: US20160282645A1 - Laminated glazings with improved moisture protection
    • Publication Date: 2016-09-29 (Priority Date: 2015-03-26)
    • Brief Description: This patent application focuses on laminated glazings that have improved moisture protection.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): This reference is highly relevant due to its focus on "improved moisture protection" in "laminated glazings," which is a key problem addressed by the edge protection in US12502870. It could potentially anticipate aspects of Claim 1 related to sealing with an edge protection material to prevent degradation, and particularly Claim 7 regarding the lamination of the device within an interlayer. The patent abstract of US12502870 explicitly states "The edge protection material prevents chemicals in the first and second interlayers from entering into the electrochromic film." (Abstract). "Those undesired materials include certain additives inside the interlayers and oxygen and moisture from the ambient environment" (Description, Summary). If this reference discloses a sealing mechanism that achieves this, it could be a strong anticipatory reference.

17. US20160357082A1

    • Full Citation: US20160357082A1 - Electrochromic element, method of driving the same, an optical filter, lens unit, image pick-up device and window material
    • Publication Date: 2016-12-08 (Priority Date: 2015-06-03)
    • Brief Description: This patent application describes an electrochromic element, methods of driving it, and its application in various devices like optical filters and window materials.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): This broad reference covers electrochromic elements and their applications. It could anticipate the general features of an electrochromic device (Claim 1, preamble, and elements in Claim 8). Its relevance to the specific edge protection features (Claim 1, elements related to cutting and sealing, and claims 2-6, 9-10) is unknown without reviewing its detailed structural disclosures, particularly regarding sealing or edge treatment.

18. US20170299932A1

    • Full Citation: US20170299932A1 - Solid polymer electrolyte for electrochromic devices
    • Publication Date: 2017-10-19 (Priority Date: 2016-04-15)
    • Brief Description: This patent application focuses on solid polymer electrolytes for electrochromic devices.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): This reference is directly relevant to the "solid polymer electrolyte" component of the electrochromic film mentioned in US12502870's summary and described in the detailed description (e.g., FIG. 2, electrolyte layer 222). It could anticipate the material aspects of Claim 8, specifically the "layer of electrolyte material," if that material is a solid polymer electrolyte. It is less likely to anticipate the specific structural edge protection features of Claim 1.

19. US20170298682A1

    • Full Citation: US20170298682A1 - Integration of electrochromic films on a substrate
    • Publication Date: 2017-10-19 (Priority Date: 2016-04-15)
    • Brief Description: This patent application describes the integration of electrochromic films onto a substrate.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): This reference is highly relevant to the context of US12502870, which deals with "electrochromic films with edge protection" and their lamination between substrates. It could potentially anticipate Claim 7, which describes a laminated device with substrates and an interlayer, and where the electrode layers and edge protection materials are laminated within the interlayer. The "integration" aspect might include discussions of sealing or edge treatment to protect the film during integration, making it a strong potential anticipatory reference for the general concept of edge protection as described in the summary of US12502870.

20. CN107438793A

    • Full Citation: CN107438793A - Electrochemical appliance with plastic supporting base
    • Publication Date: 2017-12-05 (Priority Date: 2015-03-09)
    • Brief Description: This Chinese patent application describes an electrochemical appliance with a plastic supporting base.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): As an electrochemical appliance, it broadly relates to the field. Its relevance to electrochromic devices and specifically to edge protection would depend on the detailed disclosure, especially if it describes the sealing of active layers on a flexible substrate or the use of specific base materials that influence edge integrity. It is unlikely to anticipate the specific electrode cutting and sealing features of Claim 1.

21. CN108463912A

    • Full Citation: CN108463912A - Polymer dielectric and electrochromic device including polymer dielectric
    • Publication Date: 2018-08-28 (Priority Date: 2016-10-11)
    • Brief Description: This Chinese patent application describes a polymer dielectric and an electrochromic device that includes it.
    • Potential Anticipation (35 U.S.C. § 102): This reference focuses on polymer dielectrics within electrochromic devices. It could potentially anticipate the material aspects of the electrolyte layer (Claim 8) if the dielectric functions as an electrolyte. Its anticipation of the specific structural edge protection features of Claim 1 is unlikely without further details.

Based on the titles and brief descriptions, the following prior art references appear most relevant to the unique features of US12502870, particularly those concerning edge protection and sealing:

• JP2001033830A (Electrochromic element sealing structure): The title directly indicates relevance to the sealing structure of electrochromic elements, which is a core aspect of US12502870.
• US20040067343A1 (Laminated glazing and means for its peripheral sealing): This patent addresses peripheral sealing in laminated structures, which is directly applicable to the lamination aspects and edge protection of US12502870.
• US20130010347A1 (All-solid-state reflective dimming electrochromic element sealed with protective layer, and dimming member comprising the same): The explicit mention of an "electrochromic element sealed with protective layer" makes this highly relevant to the central inventive concept of US12502870.
• WO2014134714A2 (Seal and seal system for a layered device): This reference broadly addresses sealing layered devices, making it pertinent to the overall sealing strategy of US12502870.
• US20160282645A1 (Laminated glazings with improved moisture protection): This reference's focus on "improved moisture protection" in "laminated glazings" directly relates to the problems US12502870 aims to solve with its edge protection.
• US20170298682A1 (Integration of electrochromic films on a substrate): This reference's focus on "integration" suggests it may address challenges related to securing and protecting electrochromic films during assembly, which could overlap with the edge protection disclosed in US12502870.

Obviousness Analysis of US Patent 12502870 under 35 U.S.C. § 103

This analysis will focus on combinations of the cited prior art references that would render the independent claim (Claim 1) and its dependent claims obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art (PHOSITA) at the time of the invention's priority date (November 14, 2018). The core problem addressed by US12502870 is the degradation of electrochromic films due to the infiltration of undesired chemicals from interlayers and from the ambient environment (oxygen and moisture), which adversely affects performance and lifetime.

Independent Claim 1 Analysis

Claim 1 describes an electrochromic device with a first and second electrode layer, where the edges of these layers are cut to expose portions of the inner surface of the opposing electrode layer. These exposed inner surfaces are then sealed by a first and a second edge protection material.

Combination of Prior Art for Claim 1:
A PHOSITA would have found Claim 1 obvious by combining the teachings of US20130010347A1, US20160282645A1, and the general knowledge of layered device manufacturing and sealing techniques, potentially exemplified by JP2001033830A.

1. Primary Reference: US20130010347A1 (All-solid-state reflective dimming electrochromic element sealed with protective layer, and dimming member comprising the same)

   • Disclosure: This reference teaches an "all-solid-state reflective dimming electrochromic element sealed with protective layer." This disclosure inherently provides an electrochromic device comprising an electrochromic film with first and second electrode layers. Furthermore, it explicitly teaches the use of a "protective layer" to seal the electrochromic element, satisfying the general concept of edge protection materials described in Claim 1(b) and 1(c).
   • Missing Elements: While teaching a sealed electrochromic element, the brief description of US20130010347A1 does not explicitly detail the specific cutting configuration of the electrode layers to expose inner surfaces, as required by Claim 1(a)(i) and 1(a)(ii).

2. Secondary Reference: US20160282645A1 (Laminated glazings with improved moisture protection)

   • Disclosure: This patent application specifically focuses on "Laminated glazings with improved moisture protection." This reference directly highlights the known problem of moisture ingress and the critical need for effective protection in layered structures, such as those that would incorporate an electrochromic film.
   • Motivation to Combine: A PHOSITA would be motivated to combine the electrochromic element of US20130010347A1 with the teachings of US20160282645A1 to further enhance the durability and lifetime of the electrochromic device by specifically improving its protection against moisture and other degrading chemicals. The background of US12502870 itself acknowledges that "additives can infiltrate into the multilayer electrochromic films and adversely affect the electrochromic films" and that "oxygen and moisture from the ambient environment...may adversely affect the performance and lifetime of the electrochromic film."

3. Tertiary Reference/General Knowledge: JP2001033830A (Electrochromic element sealing structure) and general knowledge of layered device manufacturing.

   • Disclosure: JP2001033830A is titled "Electrochromic element sealing structure," indicating its focus on how electrochromic elements are sealed. In the broader context of multi-layer device manufacturing, especially for devices sensitive to environmental degradation, it is a well-established engineering principle to create stepped or staggered edge configurations for improved sealing. This involves intentionally recessing one layer relative to an adjacent layer to achieve a longer and more tortuous path for ingress (e.g., moisture, oxygen, chemicals) and to provide a larger, more robust adhesion surface for the sealant.
   • Obviousness of Layer Cutting: Given the motivation to achieve "improved moisture protection" (from US20160282645A1) for the "sealed electrochromic element" (from US20130010347A1), a PHOSITA would readily recognize that forming stepped edges, where one electrode layer is cut shorter than the other to expose a portion of the inner surface of the opposing electrode layer, is a conventional and effective technique to enhance the integrity and barrier properties of the edge seal. Applying separate edge protection materials to seal these exposed inner surfaces (as in Claim 1(b) and 1(c)) would be a direct and obvious application of sealing techniques already taught by US20130010347A1, but optimized with a commonly known advantageous edge geometry for improved environmental resistance.

Conclusion for Claim 1: A PHOSITA, motivated to improve the moisture and chemical resistance of the sealed electrochromic device taught by US20130010347A1, would employ well-known layering and sealing techniques to create staggered electrode edges, as further emphasized by the problem addressed in US20160282645A1 and generally known in the field of sealing structures for electrochromic elements (e.g., JP2001033830A). This combination of existing knowledge and motivation would render Claim 1 obvious.

Dependent Claims Analysis

Claims 2 & 3 (L-shape edge protection):
These claims specify that the edge protection material is in an L-shape, further sealing a side surface and a portion of an external surface of the electrode layer. This L-shaped configuration is a conventional design choice for comprehensive edge encapsulation in layered devices to provide robust protection against lateral ingress. A PHOSITA, aiming to maximize the effectiveness of the edge protection disclosed in Claim 1, would find it obvious to apply an L-shaped seal to fully encapsulate the vulnerable edges of the electrode layers.

Claim 4 (Epoxy as edge protection):
This claim specifies that the first and second edge protection materials comprise epoxy. Epoxy is a widely known and commonly used material for sealing and encapsulating electronic and optical devices due to its excellent barrier properties against oxygen and moisture. US12502870 itself notes that "the epoxy 605 can work as an effective oxygen and moisture blocker." (Description, FIG. 6). The selection of epoxy as the edge protection material would be an obvious material choice for a PHOSITA seeking to implement an effective seal.

Claim 5 (Electrically conductive edge protection):
This claim specifies that the edge protection materials are electrically conductive. US12502870 explicitly describes that an "electrically conductive edge protection material can conduct current to the electrode layer and/or charge storage layer" and that using such a material can "save one step with respect to fabricating the electrodes." (Description, FIG. 9). This represents a straightforward engineering design choice for a PHOSITA to integrate functions and potentially simplify manufacturing or enhance electrical contact, which would be obvious if such an advantage is desired.

Claim 6 (Cured with heat or UV, functioning as oxygen and moisture blockers):
This claim specifies that the edge protection materials are cured with heat or ultraviolet light and function as oxygen and moisture blockers. Curing of epoxy or similar sealants with heat or UV light is a standard industrial practice to achieve their optimal mechanical and barrier properties. The resulting function as "oxygen and moisture blockers" is an inherent and well-understood property of such cured materials when used in sealing applications, particularly those aiming for improved durability, as addressed by US20160282645A1.

Claim 7 (Laminated within an interlayer between substrates):
This claim specifies that the first electrode layer, the second electrode layer, and the edge protection materials are laminated within an interlayer between first and second substrates. The integration of electrochromic films into laminated structures, such as smart windows, using interlayers between glass substrates is a standard application and manufacturing process. References like US20040067343A1 ("Laminated glazing and means for its peripheral sealing") and US20170298682A1 ("Integration of electrochromic films on a substrate") clearly demonstrate this conventional practice. A PHOSITA would naturally combine the edge-protected electrochromic film with existing lamination techniques to form a robust device.

Claim 8 (Electrode layers sandwich electrochromic, electrolyte, and charge storage layers):
This claim describes the fundamental layered structure of an electrochromic device. This basic architecture, comprising electrode layers sandwiching an electrochromic material, an electrolyte, and a charge storage material, is universally taught in the art (e.g., explicitly illustrated in FIG. 2 of US12502870 itself) and is disclosed in numerous prior art references such as US5406414A, US5818625A, and WO2010032068A1.

Claims 9 & 10 (Electrochromic, electrolyte, charge storage layers cut in a same way as the electrode layers):
These claims specify that the intermediate functional layers (electrochromic material, electrolyte, and charge storage material) are cut in the same way as the electrode layers to expose portions of the inner surfaces. When creating stepped edges for the electrode layers for enhanced sealing, it would be an obvious design choice for a PHOSITA to similarly step the intermediate functional layers. This ensures the structural integrity of the overall stacked structure and maintains a consistent stepped profile for effective sealing by the edge protection material. Consistent layering and edge treatment is a basic principle in multi-layer device fabrication to prevent delamination and ensure uniform protection.

Claims 11 & 12 (ITO for electrode layers):
These claims specify that the first and second electrode layers comprise tin-doped indium oxide (ITO). ITO is a well-known and widely used transparent conductive oxide in electrochromic devices due to its optical transparency and electrical conductivity. Its use as an electrode material is explicitly mentioned as a preferred aspect in US12502870 (Description, FIG. 2) and is a common material choice throughout the prior art for transparent electrodes. Therefore, using ITO for the electrode layers would be an obvious material selection for a PHOSITA.

To provide a comprehensive overview of US patent 12502870, I will detail its patent term adjustments (PTA), patent term extensions (PTE), continuation applications, divisional applications, related family members, and the projected expiration date.

Patent Term Adjustments (PTA)

Patent Term Adjustment (PTA) is granted to compensate for certain delays caused by the USPTO during the prosecution of a patent application. This typically applies to utility and plant patents filed on or after May 29, 2000, and is added to the standard 20-year term from the filing date. The USPTO calculates PTA at the time the patent issues, and the calculation is included in the Issue Notification Letter.

For US patent 12502870, the filing date is March 15, 2024, and the publication date is December 23, 2025. The provided patent text does not explicitly state the amount of Patent Term Adjustment (PTA) granted. To find the exact PTA, one would typically consult the issue notification or the patent document itself via USPTO's Patent Center or Assignment Center. However, the legal events show several actions that occurred since the filing date:

• 2024-03-15: Application filed.
• 2024-03-29: Docketed new case - Ready for examination.
• 2024-12-18: Non-final action mailed.
• 2025-01-17: Non-final action mailed. (This appears to be a duplicate entry or a follow-up action very close in time to the previous one).
• 2025-07-24: Response after final action forwarded to examiner.
• 2025-07-25: Advisory action counted, not yet mailed.
• 2025-07-28: Advisory action mailed.
• 2025-08-01: Docketed new case - Ready for examination.
• 2025-09-29: Allowed -- Notice of Allowance not yet mailed; Notice of Allowance mailed -- Application received in Office of Publications.
• 2025-11-19: Publications -- Issue Fee Payment Received.
• 2025-11-25: Publications -- Issue Fee Payment Verified.
• 2025-12-10: Patented case.

Delays that could trigger PTA include the USPTO failing to issue a first Office Action within 14 months of filing, failing to respond to an applicant's reply within four months, or failing to issue the patent within three years of the actual filing date. Given the patent was filed on March 15, 2024, and issued on December 23, 2025, it was granted within the three-year timeframe from its filing date. However, the exact duration of each stage of prosecution and any applicant-caused delays would need to be reviewed to determine the precise PTA amount. The provided data does not contain the specific PTA calculation.

Patent Term Extensions (PTE)

Patent Term Extensions (PTE) are distinct from PTA and are typically granted for patents on certain human drugs, food or color additives, medical devices, animal drugs, and veterinary biological products to compensate for time lost during pre-market government regulatory review.

There is no indication in the patent text or related information that US12502870 relates to a product subject to regulatory review by agencies like the FDA. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that this patent would be eligible for Patent Term Extension (PTE) under 35 U.S.C. § 156.

Continuation and Divisional Applications

A continuation application allows an applicant to pursue additional claims to an invention disclosed in an earlier-filed "parent" application, while retaining the benefit of the parent's filing date. A divisional application is filed when an initial patent application claims two or more independent and distinct inventions, and the USPTO requires the applicant to restrict the claims to one invention. The other invention can then be pursued in a divisional application, also retaining the benefit of the original filing date.

The patent document for US12502870 (US12502870B2) states it is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/152,033, filed on Jan. 9, 2023, which itself is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/190,723, filed on Nov. 14, 2018, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,571,878.

Therefore, the following related applications are identified:

• Parent Application: US18/152,033, filed January 9, 2023. This application is noted as a continuation of US16/190,723.
• Grandparent Application (original priority): US16/190,723, filed November 14, 2018, which issued as US Pat. No. 11,571,878.

Additionally, the "Priority Applications" section on Google Patents lists:

• US18/606,980 (which is US12502870B2 itself, the application number for this patent).
• US19/393,196, filed November 18, 2025, which is a "Division" of the original priority date 2018-11-14. This application is also published as US20260070313A1.

The "Family Applications" section provides a broader view:

• US16/190,723 (issued as US11571878B2), priority date 2018-11-14, filing date 2018-11-14.
• US18/152,033 (issued as US11969970B2), priority date 2018-11-14, filing date 2023-01-09. This is a continuation of US16/190,723.
• US18/326,866 (issued as US12030277B2), priority date 2018-11-14, filing date 2023-05-31. This is also a continuation of US16/190,723 or one of its continuations.
• US18/606,980 (US12502870B2), priority date 2018-11-14, filing date 2024-03-15. This is a continuation of US18/152,033.
• US19/393,196 (published as US20260070313A1), priority date 2018-11-14, filing date 2025-11-18. This is a divisional application.

Related Family Members

The patent family is ID=68424711. The family members include:

• US11571878B2: Filed 2018-11-14.
• US11969970B2: Filed 2023-01-09.
• US12030277B2: Filed 2023-05-31.
• US12502870B2: Filed 2024-03-15.
• US20260070313A1: Filed 2025-11-18.

International family members found in the "Country Status" section include:

• EP4220293B1
• ES2946279T3
• CN111399300B
• ES3056291T3
• EP4570494A3
• EP3654095B1
• CN116430633B

Projected Expiration Date

The general rule for utility patents in the U.S. is that the patent term is 20 years from the earliest filing date of the application from which priority is claimed, subject to any patent term adjustments or extensions.

For US12502870, the earliest priority date is November 14, 2018 (from US16/190,723).
The patent publication information states an "Anticipated expiration" date of 2038-11-14. This date is precisely 20 years from the earliest priority date (November 14, 2018). This suggests that, as of the information provided, there are no significant Patent Term Adjustments (PTA) or Patent Term Extensions (PTE) that have altered the term beyond the standard 20 years from the priority date. If PTA were applied, it would be added to this 20-year term. However, without the explicit PTA calculation from the USPTO, the anticipated expiration date provided by Google Patents (2038-11-14) is the current best estimate.

Defensive Disclosure: Advanced Electrochromic Edge Protection Architectures

This Defensive Disclosure aims to establish prior art for various derivative implementations of the electrochromic device described in US Patent 12502870, particularly focusing on Claim 1 and its dependent claims. The objective is to render future incremental improvements in electrochromic edge protection technologies obvious or non-novel by detailing advanced material substitutions, operational parameter expansions, cross-domain applications, integrations with emerging technologies, and inverse/failure modes.

Derivations from Core Claim 1

Claim 1: An electrochromic device comprising: an electrochromic film comprising a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer facing the first electrode layer of the electrochromic film, wherein: an edge of the first electrode layer is cut such that a portion of an inner surface of the second electrode layer is exposed, and an edge of the second electrode layer is cut such that a portion of an inner surface of the first electrode layer is exposed, the edge of the first electrode layer and the edge of the second electrode layer are opposing edges; a first edge protection material sealing the exposed portion of the inner surface of the second electrode layer; and a second edge protection material sealing the exposed portion of the inner surface of the first electrode layer.

---

1. Material & Component Substitution

Derivative 1.1: Advanced Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCOs) and Elastomeric Sealants

• Enabling Description: An electrochromic device fabricated with a multi-layer stack. The first and second transparent electrode layers are composed of Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO) or Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) thin films, deposited via magnetron sputtering onto flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates. The electrochromic material layer utilizes a blend of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and a cathodic switching phenothiazine derivative. The charge storage layer is composed of a nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) thin film. A solid polymer electrolyte based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with incorporated lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as the electrolyte salt and succinonitrile as a plasticizer is disposed between the EC and charge storage layers. The edge cutting of the electrode layers is precisely executed using femtosecond laser ablation, creating a stepped geometry where opposing inner surfaces are exposed. The first and second edge protection materials, sealing these exposed inner surfaces, are high-performance fluorosilicone elastomers (e.g., composed of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene copolymer), formulated for extreme chemical and thermal resistance. These elastomers are applied via precision dispensing and cured via UV-light initiated thiol-ene click chemistry, providing a robust, flexible, and chemically inert barrier against interlayer additives and environmental ingress.

graph TD
    A[Flexible Substrate 1 (PET/PEN)] --> B[First Electrode (IZO/AZO)]
    B --> C[Electrochromic Layer (PEDOT:PSS/Phenothiazine)]
    C --> D[Solid Polymer Electrolyte (PMMA-LiTFSI)]
    D --> E[Charge Storage Layer (NiHCF)]
    E --> F[Second Electrode (IZO/AZO)]
    F --> G[Flexible Substrate 2 (PET/PEN)]
    B -- Femtosecond Laser Cut --> H{Exposed Inner Surface of Second Electrode}
    F -- Femtosecond Laser Cut --> I{Exposed Inner Surface of First Electrode}
    H --> J[First Edge Protection (Fluorosilicone Elastomer)]
    I --> K[Second Edge Protection (Fluorosilicone Elastomer)]
    J -- UV Cure --> L[Sealed EC Device]
    K -- UV Cure --> L

Derivative 1.2: Ceramic Nanocomposite Electrodes and Self-Healing Gels

• Enabling Description: An electrochromic device with first and second electrode layers comprising transparent conductive networks of silver nanowires (AgNWs) embedded within a flexible silica matrix on an ultra-thin glass substrate. The AgNWs are deposited via slot-die coating and encapsulated with a sol-gel derived silica layer. The electrochromic material is a tungsten oxide (WO3) film, grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) to ensure uniformity, and the charge storage layer is a prussian blue (PB) film, also deposited by ALD. The electrolyte is a gel polymer electrolyte, formulated with a poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymer matrix infused with an ionic liquid, specifically 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][TFSI]). The electrode layers are micro-etched using reactive ion etching (RIE) with SF6 plasma to create precisely staggered edges, exposing inner surfaces. The edge protection material is a stimuli-responsive self-healing hydrogel, specifically a poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(caprolactone) block copolymer network cross-linked with dynamic boronate ester bonds. This hydrogel is precisely dispensed onto the exposed regions and spontaneously reforms its barrier integrity upon micro-damage (e.g., stress-induced micro-cracks) through dynamic bond reformation, triggered by ambient moisture or slight thermal fluctuations.

stateDiagram
    state "Intact Seal" as Intact
    state "Micro-Damage" as Damage
    state "Self-Healing Triggered" as Healing
    state "Seal Restored" as Restored

    Intact --> Damage: Stress/Crack
    Damage --> Healing: Exposure to moisture/heat
    Healing --> Restored: Boronate ester bond reformation
    Restored --> Intact: Stable seal
    Restored --> Damage: New stress/crack

---

2. Operational Parameter Expansion

Derivative 2.1: Micro-Electrochromic Pixel Array for High-Resolution Displays

• Enabling Description: This electrochromic device is implemented as a micro-pixel array for high-resolution, flexible displays, with individual pixels on a 50-200 micrometer scale. The first and second electrode layers are patterned micro-grids of transparent graphene or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on a flexible polyimide substrate, formed via advanced photolithography. The electrochromic layer is a low-voltage switching organic electrochromic polymer (e.g., poly(benzidines)), and the charge storage layer is a complementary electrochromic material (e.g., poly(aniline)). The electrolyte is a fast-ion-conducting solid-state inorganic electrolyte, such as Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride (LiPON), deposited via reactive sputtering. The precise edge cutting of these micro-electrodes and functional layers is achieved using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography or electron beam lithography, enabling sub-micron resolution for the staggered edge profiles. The first and second edge protection materials consist of a high-viscosity, low-permeability UV-curable hybrid organic-inorganic epoxy-silica resin, applied with high precision via advanced inkjet printing techniques directly onto the exposed inner surfaces of the opposing micro-electrode layers. This enables rapid switching frequencies up to 100 Hz across a broad temperature range of -30°C to +80°C.

classDiagram
    class MicroECDevice {
        +Polyimide Substrate
        +Graphene/CNT Electrodes
        +Organic EC Layer
        +Complementary EC Layer
        +LiPON Electrolyte
        +Staggered Edge Geometry
        +UV-Curable Epoxy-Silica Edge Protection
        +Pixel Size: 50-200 µm
        +Switching Freq: 100 Hz
        +Temp Range: -30C to +80C
    }
    class ElectrodeLayer {
        +Material: Graphene/CNT
        +Deposition: Photolithography
        +Edge Cutting: EUV/EBL
    }
    class ECLayer {
        +Material: Organic EC Polymer
    }
    class CSLLayer {
        +Material: Complementary EC
    }
    class ElectrolyteLayer {
        +Material: LiPON
        +Deposition: Sputtering
    }
    class EdgeProtection {
        +Material: Epoxy-Silica Resin
        +Application: Inkjet Printing
        +Curing: UV
    }
    MicroECDevice --> ElectrodeLayer
    MicroECDevice --> ECLayer
    MicroECDevice --> CSLLayer
    MicroECDevice --> ElectrolyteLayer
    MicroECDevice --> EdgeProtection

Derivative 2.2: Large-Scale Electrochromic Architectural Glazing for Extreme Environments

• Enabling Description: A large-format electrochromic device designed for architectural glazing (e.g., panels up to 5m x 10m) for deployment in extreme climates (e.g., arctic conditions down to -50°C or desert environments up to +100°C). The first and second electrode layers are large-area sputtered fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) on low-emissivity (low-E) borosilicate glass substrates. The electrochromic material is a robust inorganic tungsten oxide (WO3) thin film, and the charge storage layer is a cerium-vanadium oxide (CeVOx), both deposited using large-area magnetron sputtering techniques. The electrolyte is a wide-temperature-range ionic liquid gel electrolyte, based on a PVDF-HFP polymer matrix with an imidazolium-based ionic liquid. The edges of the FTO electrode layers and other functional layers are cut with high-power industrial pulsed fiber laser cutting systems, creating stepped edges several millimeters in depth with minimal micro-cracking. The first and second edge protection materials comprise a multi-layer composite hermetic seal. This seal includes an inner layer of a chemically resistant polyisobutylene (PIB) sealant, an intermediate layer of a desiccated getter material (e.g., molecular sieves, zeolite particles), and an outer layer of a high-performance, two-part UV-curable polysulfide sealant. This composite seal is applied via automated robotic dispensing systems, providing a robust, long-term barrier against moisture, oxygen, and severe thermal cycling stresses.

graph TD
    A[Low-E Glass Substrate 1] --> B[Sputtered FTO Electrode 1]
    B --> C[WO3 EC Layer]
    C --> D[Ionic Liquid Gel Electrolyte]
    D --> E[CeVOx Charge Storage Layer]
    E --> F[Sputtered FTO Electrode 2]
    F --> G[Low-E Glass Substrate 2]
    B -- Laser Cut --> H{Exposed Inner Surface FTO 2}
    F -- Laser Cut --> I{Exposed Inner Surface FTO 1}
    H --> J[Inner PIB Sealant]
    J --> K[Getter Material]
    K --> L[Outer Polysulfide Sealant]
    I --> J
    L -- Robotic Dispense --> M[Hermetically Sealed EC Glazing]

---

3. Cross-Domain Application

Derivative 3.1: Aerospace Smart Visor with Radiation Hardened Edge Protection

• Enabling Description: An electrochromic device integrated as a smart visor in aerospace applications (e.g., fighter pilot helmets, spacecraft windows), requiring dynamic tinting capability and robust protection against radiation and extreme pressure differentials (from vacuum to atmospheric pressure). The first and second electrode layers are thin films of transparent conducting polymers (TCPs) such as PEDOT:PSS on a flexible, radiation-hardened poly(ether imide) (PEI) substrate. The electrochromic layer utilizes radiation-resistant viologen derivatives (e.g., functionalized with aromatic groups for radical scavenging), and the charge storage layer is a radiation-stable polymer (e.g., cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide)). The electrolyte is a solid radiation-resistant ionogel (e.g., a poly(ionic liquid) network). The electrode edges are precisely etched using anisotropic plasma etching with oxygen/argon gas mixture to create the specific staggered geometry, ensuring minimal stress concentrations. The edge protection material is a radiation-hardened, vacuum-compatible, highly cross-linked polyimide-based sealant (e.g., Kapton polyimide variant), specifically formulated for low outgassing properties. This sealant is applied via a robotic dispenser and thermally cured under high vacuum (10^-6 Torr) to ensure void-free encapsulation and superior adhesion, while also providing additional shielding against ionizing radiation, sealing the exposed inner surfaces of the opposing electrode layers.

classDiagram
    class SmartVisorEC {
        +Radiation-Hardened PEI Substrate
        +PEDOT:PSS Electrodes
        +Radiation-Resistant Viologen EC
        +Radiation-Stable Polymer CSL
        +Ionogel Electrolyte
        +Plasma-Etched Staggered Edges
        +Radiation-Hardened Polyimide Sealant
        +Vacuum Cured
    }
    class Substrate {
        +Material: Poly(ether imide) (PEI)
        +Property: Radiation-Hardened, Flexible
    }
    class Electrode {
        +Material: PEDOT:PSS
        +Fabrication: Plasma Etching
    }
    class ActiveLayers {
        +ECLayer: Radiation-Resistant Viologen
        +CSLLayer: Radiation-Stable Polymer
        +Electrolyte: Ionogel
    }
    class EdgeSealant {
        +Material: Polyimide-based
        +Property: Radiation-Hardened, Vacuum-Compatible, Cross-linked
        +Process: Robotic Dispense, Thermal Curing in Vacuum
    }
    SmartVisorEC *-- Substrate
    SmartVisorEC *-- Electrode
    SmartVisorEC *-- ActiveLayers
    SmartVisorEC *-- EdgeSealant

Derivative 3.2: AgTech Smart Greenhouse Film with Integrated Environmental Sensors

• Enabling Description: An electrochromic film designed for smart greenhouse coverings, providing dynamic light control and featuring integrated environmental sensors. This film is optimized for agricultural environments characterized by high humidity, varying temperatures, and exposure to agricultural chemicals. The first and second electrode layers are flexible, low-cost transparent conducting films of silver nanowire (AgNW) networks, coated onto biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) substrates. The electrochromic material is a bio-compatible, non-toxic organic electrochromic dye (e.g., a spiropyran derivative), and the charge storage layer is a biodegradable conductive polymer (e.g., poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PEDOT composite). The electrolyte is a bio-based solid polymer electrolyte derived from cellulose. The electrode layers are mechanically micro-perforated along the cutting line and then precisely cut to achieve the staggered edge profile, facilitating subsequent sealing and sensor integration. The edge protection material is a UV-curable, bio-compatible, fungicide-resistant silicone sealant (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) derivative), which also incorporates integrated humidity and temperature microsensors. This sealant is applied via a continuous co-extrusion process directly adhering to the exposed inner surfaces of the opposing electrode layers, providing a durable, weather-resistant, and environmentally resilient seal. The integrated sensors provide real-time data for dynamic light adjustment based on plant physiological needs and energy efficiency.

sequenceDiagram
    participant GreenhouseController
    participant SmartECFilm
    participant EdgeSensors
    participant PlantNeedsDB
    participant WeatherStation

    GreenhouseController->>SmartECFilm: Request Light Adjustment
    SmartECFilm->>EdgeSensors: Query Humidity/Temp
    EdgeSensors->>SmartECFilm: Report Environmental Data
    SmartECFilm->>PlantNeedsDB: Query Optimal Light for Crops
    PlantNeedsDB->>SmartECFilm: Return Optimal Light
    SmartECFilm->>WeatherStation: Query External Light/Temp
    WeatherStation->>SmartECFilm: Report External Conditions
    SmartECFilm->>SmartECFilm: Calculate Optimal Tint (EC Algorithm)
    SmartECFilm->>SmartECFilm: Apply Voltage to EC Layers
    SmartECFilm-->>GreenhouseController: Confirm Tint Adjustment

---

4. Integration with Emerging Technologies

Derivative 4.1: AI-Optimized Predictive Maintenance for EC Smart Windows

• Enabling Description: An electrochromic device integrated into smart window systems, featuring an array of distributed IoT sensors (e.g., localized humidity, oxygen concentration, temperature, optical transmittance, and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) electrodes) embedded within the perimeter of the lamination structure, immediately adjacent to the edge protection material. These sensors continuously collect real-time environmental and performance data. An AI-driven optimization algorithm, deployed on an edge computing unit, analyzes this sensor data to detect subtle anomalies indicative of impending edge seal degradation (e.g., localized increases in humidity gradient, changes in EIS spectra signifying electrolyte degradation or delamination). The algorithm utilizes machine learning models (e.g., recurrent neural networks) for predictive analytics, anticipating failure modes before macroscopic degradation occurs. The staggered edge electrode design, sealed by a high-barrier-property, UV-curable thiol-ene polymer, enables precise localization of degradation events. Upon detection of early degradation indicators, the AI system can autonomously trigger localized preventive measures (e.g., activating a dormant microcapsule-based self-healing agent embedded within the sealant material via localized UV or thermal triggers) or adjust the electrochromic device's operational parameters (e.g., reducing voltage cycling frequency, limiting maximum tint level) to extend the overall device lifetime. The sensor data and AI insights are communicated via a local area network to a central building management system.

graph TD
    A[EC Device (Staggered Edges)] --> B(IoT Edge Sensors)
    B --> C{Real-time Data Stream: Humidity, O2, Temp, Trans, EIS}
    C --> D[Edge Computing Unit]
    D -- AI Algorithm (RNN) --> E{Predictive Analytics: Degradation Prediction}
    E --> F{Decision Logic}
    F -- If Degradation Detected --> G[Trigger Preventive Action: Self-Healing Agent / Operational Adjustment]
    F -- No Degradation --> H[Continue Monitoring]
    G --> A
    H --> A

Derivative 4.2: Blockchain-Verified Supply Chain for High-Security EC Applications

• Enabling Description: An electrochromic device designed for high-security environments (e.g., governmental facilities, critical infrastructure), where the provenance and manufacturing parameters of all critical components, especially the edge protection materials, are immutably recorded and verifiable via a blockchain. Each batch of edge protection material (e.g., a specific UV-curable epoxy formulation incorporating uniquely identifiable, trace amounts of isotopically enriched rare earth elements as forensic markers) is assigned a unique digital identifier (e.g., a QR code or RFID tag). During manufacturing, IoT sensors (e.g., thermal cameras, force gauges, spectrometers) continuously record critical process parameters such as sealant dispensing rates, curing temperature profiles, UV exposure duration, and sealant thickness for each device's edge seal. This granular data, along with material certifications (e.g., chemical composition reports, barrier property tests) and quality control reports, is time-stamped, encrypted, and uploaded to a distributed ledger (blockchain). The device's first and second electrode layers, comprised of sputter-deposited Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide (IGZO) on chemically strengthened aluminosilicate glass, are cut using precision waterjet cutting systems, with verifiable machine logs for cutting path and tolerances also recorded on the blockchain. The unique staggered edge protection ensures that the critical barrier integrity of the device is linked to its immutable blockchain record, allowing for rigorous auditing, anti-counterfeiting measures, and enhanced security verification throughout the device's lifecycle.

sequenceDiagram
    participant RawMaterialSupplier
    participant SealantManufacturer
    participant ECProducer
    participant QCAuditor
    participant BlockchainNetwork

    RawMaterialSupplier->>SealantManufacturer: Deliver Raw Chemicals (Batch ID)
    SealantManufacturer->>BlockchainNetwork: Log Raw Material Batch ID, Certificates
    SealantManufacturer->>ECProducer: Deliver Edge Sealant Batch (Batch ID, QR/RFID)
    ECProducer->>BlockchainNetwork: Log Sealant Batch ID, Manufacturing Params (IoT Sensors)
    ECProducer->>ECProducer: Assemble & Laminate EC Device (Staggered Edges, Sealant)
    ECProducer->>BlockchainNetwork: Log EC Device Assembly Data, QC Reports
    QCAuditor->>ECProducer: Inspect EC Device & Scan QR/RFID
    QCAuditor->>BlockchainNetwork: Verify Material Provenance & Mfg Data
    BlockchainNetwork-->>QCAuditor: Return Immutable Verification Record

---

5. The "Inverse" or Failure Mode

Derivative 5.1: Fail-Safe Transparent Electrochromic Window

• Enabling Description: An electrochromic device specifically engineered to reliably transition to a fully transparent, clear state in the event of a power outage, control system malfunction, or catastrophic failure. This is achieved by designing the electrochromic material system to have its default, thermodynamically stable state be transparent when no external potential is applied. For example, a reversible electrodeposition-type system based on poly(aniline) or a specific organic electrochromic polymer with a transparent oxidized state is utilized. The first and second electrode layers are flexible transparent conductive films of silver nanowires (AgNWs) on flexible polycarbonate substrates. The unique staggered electrode edge configuration, exposing opposing inner surfaces, is maintained. The first and second edge protection materials, a flexible thermoplastic polyether-block-amide (PEBA) polymer, not only physically seal the device but also incorporate embedded, self-actuating shunt resistors (e.g., micro-thermistors or varistors) or charge recombination pathways. Upon detection of a power loss or overcurrent condition by an integrated supervisory circuit, these shunts are activated or pathways are exposed, rapidly dissipating any residual charge within the electrochromic layers and equilibrating the potential. This controlled discharge drives the electrochromic material quickly and reliably to its transparent default state, ensuring safety and visibility in critical applications (e.g., emergency exits, public transport windows) during power interruptions.

stateDiagram
    state "Normal Operation (Tinted)" as Tinted
    state "Normal Operation (Transparent)" as Transparent
    state "Power Loss / Malfunction" as FailEvent
    state "Shunt/Discharge Active" as Discharge
    state "Fail-Safe Transparent" as FailSafe

    [*] --> Transparent
    Transparent --> Tinted: Apply Voltage
    Tinted --> Transparent: Reverse Voltage
    Tinted --> FailEvent: Power Loss/Malfunction
    Transparent --> FailEvent: Power Loss/Malfunction
    FailEvent --> Discharge: Trigger Shunt/Discharge
    Discharge --> FailSafe: Rapid Charge Dissipation
    FailSafe --> [*] : System Restored / Manual Override (Exit state)

Derivative 5.2: Low-Power "Privacy Tint" Mode with Integrated Fault Detection

• Enabling Description: This electrochromic device is designed for privacy applications, offering a persistent, low-power "privacy tint" mode in addition to full transparency or full opacity. The electrochromic material is a tri-state switching viologen derivative capable of transparent, translucent (privacy tint), and opaque states, requiring minimal power to maintain the translucent state. The first and second electrode layers are transparent metal oxide films (e.g., Tungsten-doped Indium Oxide). The unique staggered electrode edge architecture is utilized. The edge protection material, an optically clear, electrically insulating thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) adhesive, is engineered to incorporate embedded resistive micro-grids or distributed impedance sensors along its periphery. These micro-sensors continuously monitor for localized changes in resistance or impedance, indicative of early-stage delamination, moisture ingress, or seal degradation. When a fault is detected by the integrated edge sensors, the device's control system intelligently responds. It can either isolate the affected segment of the electrochromic panel (if segmented electrodes are employed) and transition only that portion to a safe, low-degradation state (e.g., full transparent or a uniform, non-degrading tint), or, for monolithic panels, transition the entire panel to a default transparent state. This prevents localized failure propagation, maintains device functionality, and extends operational life while ensuring desired privacy or clear view without full operational failure.

graph TD
    A[EC Device (Staggered Edges)] --> B(Embedded Edge Sensors: Resistive Grids/Impedance)
    B --> C{Sensor Data Stream}
    C --> D[Microcontroller Unit (MCU)]
    D -- Detect Fault --> E{Fault Detection Logic}
    E -- If Localized Fault --> F[Isolate Segment / Reduce Local Voltage]
    E -- If Widespread Fault --> G[Transition Panel to Safe Mode (e.g., Full Clear)]
    D -- No Fault --> H[Maintain Current Tint (e.g., Low-Power Privacy)]
    F --> A
    G --> A
    H --> A

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Combination Prior Art Scenarios with Open-Source Standards

These scenarios illustrate how the core inventive concept of US12502870, particularly the staggered electrode edge design and specialized sealing, could be combined with existing open-source standards to create obvious derivative works.

1. US12502870 + Open-Source 3D Printing Standards (e.g., RepRap / G-code)

• Scenario: A defensive disclosure outlines the fabrication of the custom-shaped edge protection material for an electrochromic device using widely available open-source 3D printing technologies. Specifically, the method involves Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) or Stereolithography (SLA) processes that adhere to the RepRap project principles and are controlled by G-code, an open-source standard for additive manufacturing. The electrochromic device utilizes a first and second electrode layer with edges precisely cut to create an exposed inner surface of the opposing electrode layer (as per Claim 1). This precise cutting (e.g., via laser or die-cut) defines the specific geometry that the 3D printer then targets. Custom-formulated UV-curable resins (for SLA) or thermoplastic elastomers (e.g., TPU filament for FDM) are used as the edge protection material. The G-code instructions are generated from CAD models that meticulously map the staggered electrode edges, ensuring the precise deposition of the sealant material onto the exposed inner surfaces and, optionally, extending to form L-shaped encapsulations (Claims 2 & 3). This enables the cost-effective and highly customizable manufacturing of robust, multi-layered edge seals, including those made of epoxy (Claim 4) and cured with UV light (Claim 6), leveraging the flexibility and accessibility of open-source additive manufacturing.
• Anticipated/Obvious Claims: Claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.

2. US12502870 + Open-Source IoT Communication Protocols (e.g., MQTT)

• Scenario: A defensive disclosure describes an electrochromic device incorporating the staggered electrode edge protection (Claim 1) and integrating embedded micro-sensors within the edge protection material itself. These sensors (e.g., resistive humidity sensors, miniature electrochemical oxygen sensors) are designed to monitor the integrity of the seal and detect early signs of environmental ingress (e.g., moisture, oxygen). The data collected by these sensors is transmitted in real-time using the open-source MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol. MQTT is a lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol widely adopted in IoT applications for its efficiency and low bandwidth requirements. A small, low-power microcontroller embedded near the edge protection material collects sensor data and publishes it as MQTT messages to a central broker. A subscription service (e.g., a smart building management system) receives these messages, allowing for continuous monitoring of the electrochromic panel's health. This system allows for proactive maintenance scheduling or dynamic adjustment of the electrochromic device's operational parameters to mitigate degradation caused by environmental infiltration, a problem explicitly addressed by US12502870. The use of a thermally cured polymer with integrated sensor leads for the edge protection material (Claim 6) would be described as facilitating this real-time, low-power communication.
• Anticipated/Obvious Claims: Claims 1, 6, 7.

3. US12502870 + Open-Source Electrochemical Simulation Software (e.g., COMSOL with open models)

• Scenario: A defensive disclosure details a method for optimizing the design of the staggered electrode edges (Claim 1(a)(i), 1(a)(ii)) and the material properties of the edge protection (Claims 1(b), 1(c)) for an electrochromic device using open-source electrochemical simulation software. This could involve using COMSOL Multiphysics with its publicly available electrochemistry, heat transfer, and structural mechanics modules, or other open-source simulation tools capable of finite element analysis (FEA). The simulation models would analyze critical parameters such as ion transport within the electrolyte layer (Claim 8), chemical diffusion rates of moisture and oxygen through the edge protection material (Claim 6), and mechanical stress distribution at the complex staggered interface between the electrode layers and the sealant. By inputting various cutting geometries and material properties (e.g., permeability, adhesion coefficients for epoxy as per Claim 4) into these open-source models, a person skilled in the art could predict and optimize the long-term performance and durability of the edge seal against environmental degradation and mechanical stress. This approach would make the specific design choices for the cuts and the selection of protective materials, including the cutting of intermediate layers (Claims 9 & 10), obvious based on well-established and accessible computational modeling techniques available in the public domain.
• Anticipated/Obvious Claims: Claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10.