US Patent 12551319, titled "Screw-attached pick-up dental coping system and methods," was granted to Smart Denture Conversions LLC. The inventors are Brandon Dale Kofford and Charles Albert Rudisill. The patent was filed on September 6, 2024, and issued on February 17, 2026.

Abstract:
A temporary alignment system and method are disclosed for holding a dental coping to an implant abutment using the same threads in the abutment that are used for definitive attachment. The temporary fasteners are designed to initially orient and hold a coping against an abutment with an axial force consistent with the final screw mounting. This allows the aligned coping to be "picked-up" in a closed-tray impression process without requiring the temporary fastener to be unscrewed. Embodiments of the invention include threaded posts that release copings from the abutment through axial forces. Some embodiments feature a threaded post with a separable cap that is picked-up along with the coping. The patent also describes methods for converting an existing prosthesis for screw attachment to implants in a single visit, as well as digital capture techniques for the converted prosthesis.

Plain-Language Overview of Independent Claims:
Based on the "Brief Summary of the Invention" section, the patent describes three main independent concepts:

1. System for aligning a dental implant abutment, coping, and separable dental element: This system includes a temporary alignment fastener. The fastener has a post with threads at one end to screw into an implant abutment. A cap is attached to the other end of the post. This temporary screw is designed to hold a dental coping against the implant abutment, and the cap can be separated from the post by applying a release force directed away from the abutment.
2. System for aligning a separable dental element for installation to a threaded implant abutment with a definitive screw: This system features a coping with a distal end that fits an implant abutment and a proximal end with an opening for a definitive screw shaft. A temporary screw has a threaded end that engages the abutment and a proximal end with a temporary engagement mechanism that attaches near the coping's proximal end. This temporary screw holds the coping securely against the abutment. The temporary engagement mechanism is designed to release the coping when a specific axial force is applied in the proximal direction, without needing to unscrew the main post of the temporary screw.
3. Alignment system and method for converting an existing denture for screw attachment to threaded implant abutments: This describes a process that involves several steps:
   • Mounting pick-up copings onto implant abutments using temporary fasteners.
   • Adhering these copings into specially prepared cavities within an existing denture.
   • Removing the denture, which now has the copings secured within it, from the implant abutments.
   • Unscrewing the threaded parts of the temporary fasteners from the implant abutments.
   • Creating holes in the denture for the definitive screws.
   • Finally, mounting the converted denture back onto the implant abutments using definitive screws that engage the same threads as the temporary fasteners. The steps of unscrewing the temporary fasteners and forming the definitive screw holes can occur in any order.

Litigation Information:
The patent metadata indicates that its "Family has litigation" and that the "First worldwide family litigation filed" has occurred. A link to darts-ip.com is provided for further details on litigation. I was unable to perform a direct search of CAFC 2026 dockets to independently verify this information using the provided tools.

As of April 26, 2026, I am unable to provide specific details regarding litigation involving US patent 125513319. While the patent metadata indicates that its "Family has litigation" and a "First worldwide family litigation filed" has occurred, direct searches of publicly accessible litigation databases like Unified Patents and PACER for this specific patent number did not yield detailed case information. It is possible that the litigation is too recent to be fully indexed or publicly available in these systems, or that access to PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) with a paid account would be necessary for more comprehensive results.

Proceedings overview

Currently, there is one active Post-Grant Review (PGR) proceeding on file for US Patent 12551319, which was filed very recently. The patent's claims are currently untested in an AIA trial. This gives a defendant a posture where the patent's validity against prior art is being challenged for the first time in a PTAB setting.

PGR2026-00070 — Straumann USA, LLC et al. v. Smart Denture Conversions LLC

• Type: Post-Grant Review
• Filed: 2026-08-11
• Status: Pending – The petition has been filed and is awaiting the Board's decision on institution.
• Judge panel: Not yet publicly assigned or available.
• Petition grounds: Details regarding specific claims, prior art, and statutory bases (§ 102 / § 103 / § 112) are not yet publicly available in the initial status of the proceeding.
• Institution decision: Not yet issued. The Board typically has six months from the petition filing date to decide whether to institute the PGR.
• Final Written Decision: Not applicable; the proceeding is in its early stages.
• Settlement / termination: Not applicable; the proceeding is in its early stages.
• Appeal: Not applicable.
• Defensive value: This pending PGR indicates that at least one third party (Straumann USA, LLC et al.) believes there are grounds to challenge the patent's validity. While the claims have not yet been challenged through a Final Written Decision, the existence of this PGR suggests potential weaknesses that could be exploited. However, it also means that the patent owner will have an opportunity to defend the claims.

Strategic summary

As of 2026-08-12, all claims of US Patent 12551319 are UNTESTED by a Final Written Decision from the PTAB. There are no canceled or sustained claims as a result of AIA trial proceedings. The single PGR (PGR2026-00070) is in its very early stages, having been filed only yesterday.

Regarding the estoppel landscape, since no institution decision has been rendered, there is no estoppel currently in effect under § 315(e)(2). If the PGR is instituted, Straumann USA, LLC (and its privies) would be estopped from raising in future civil actions or ITC proceedings any ground they raised or reasonably could have raised during the PGR. For other potential defendants, all prior-art grounds remain available, pending the outcome of this PGR.

There are no discernible pattern signals from this single, newly filed PGR. It is the first AIA trial proceeding for this patent. The petitioner, Straumann USA, LLC, is a known entity in the dental implant industry, suggesting a direct interest in the patent's validity.

Recommended next steps

• Monitor PGR2026-00070 closely: The most immediate milestone to watch for is the institution decision, which is expected around February 11, 2027 (six months from the filing date). The petition itself will provide the specific claims being challenged, the prior art asserted, and the legal grounds. This information is crucial for understanding the potential scope of invalidation. You can access public information about the proceeding on the USPTO PTAB End-to-End (E2E) system once it becomes available.
• Analyze the PGR Petition: Once the petition for PGR2026-00070 becomes publicly accessible on the PTAB E2E system, it is imperative to thoroughly analyze the arguments, claims challenged, and prior art cited by Straumann USA, LLC. This will provide insight into the potential vulnerabilities of the patent's claims.
• Consider a defensive strategy: If facing assertion of US12551319, evaluate whether to intervene in PGR2026-00070 (if applicable and strategically advantageous) or prepare an independent validity challenge (e.g., a separate IPR/PGR, if timing and grounds allow, or a district court invalidity defense).## Proceedings overview

Currently, there is one active Post-Grant Review (PGR) proceeding on file for US Patent 12551319, PGR2026-00070, which was filed very recently. The patent's claims are currently untested in an AIA trial. This gives a defendant a posture where the patent's validity against prior art is being challenged for the first time in a PTAB setting.

PGR2026-00070 — Straumann USA, LLC et al. v. Smart Denture Conversions LLC

• Type: Post-Grant Review
• Filed: 2026-08-11
• Status: Pending – The petition has been filed and is awaiting the Board's decision on institution.
• Judge panel: Not yet publicly assigned. For newly filed cases, the judge panel is typically assigned after initial processing, and the details are not immediately available.
• Petition grounds: Details regarding the specific claims challenged, prior art references cited, and statutory bases (§ 102 / § 103 / § 112) are not yet publicly available as the petition is in its initial stage of review.
• Institution decision: Not yet issued. The PTAB has a statutory deadline of six months from the petition filing date to decide whether to institute the PGR. Therefore, an institution decision is anticipated around February 11, 2027.
• Final Written Decision: Not applicable; the proceeding is in its very early stages, prior to institution.
• Settlement / termination: Not applicable; the proceeding is in its very early stages.
• Appeal: Not applicable.
• Defensive value: The initiation of this PGR by Straumann USA, LLC signals that at least one major player in the dental industry believes US12551319 has vulnerabilities. While no claims have been invalidated or sustained, this proceeding will determine the patentability of the challenged claims. A defendant facing assertion of this patent will benefit from monitoring the institution decision and, if instituted, the subsequent trial to understand the strength of the patent's claims.

Strategic summary

As of 2026-08-12, all claims of US Patent 12551319 are UNTESTED by a Final Written Decision from the PTAB. There are no canceled or sustained claims as a result of AIA trial proceedings. The single PGR (PGR2026-00070) is in its very early stages, having been filed only yesterday, 2026-08-11.

Regarding the estoppel landscape, since no institution decision has been rendered, there is no estoppel currently in effect under § 315(e)(2). If PGR2026-00070 is instituted and proceeds to a Final Written Decision, Straumann USA, LLC (and its privies) would be estopped from raising in future civil actions or ITC proceedings any ground they raised or reasonably could have raised during the PGR. For other potential defendants, all prior-art grounds remain available to challenge the patent's validity, pending the outcome of this PGR.

There are no discernible pattern signals from this single, newly filed PGR. It represents the first AIA trial proceeding for this patent. The petitioner, Straumann USA, LLC, is a significant entity in the dental implant industry, suggesting a direct commercial interest in the patent's validity.

Recommended next steps

• Monitor PGR2026-00070 closely: The most immediate milestone to watch for is the institution decision, which is expected around February 11, 2027 (six months from the filing date). The PGR petition, once publicly accessible through the USPTO PTAB End-to-End (E2E) system, will contain critical details about the specific claims being challenged, the prior art asserted, and the legal grounds (e.g., anticipation under § 102, obviousness under § 103, or indefiniteness under § 112). This information is crucial for understanding the potential scope of invalidation.
• Analyze the PGR Petition: If facing an assertion of US12551319, it is highly recommended to obtain and thoroughly analyze the PGR2026-00070 petition as soon as it becomes available. This analysis will provide invaluable insight into the asserted invalidity arguments and potentially highlight weaknesses in the patent that could be leveraged in a defense strategy.

Inventors

• Brandon Dale Kofford: Employer at the time of filing not determinable from the patent text.
• Charles Albert Rudisill: Employer at the time of filing not determinable from the patent text.

No unusual patterns, such as all inventors departing the original assignee within 12 months of filing, are discernible from the provided information.

Original assignee

The original assignee named on the issued patent is Smart Denture Conversions LLC. The patent abstract and description indicate that the company is involved in "Screw-attached pick-up dental coping system and methods," implying they are in the business of developing and likely shipping products related to dental prosthetics and implant attachment systems. Their current status is "Active" as per the patent metadata.

Assignment timeline

To reconstruct the full assignment record, I searched the USPTO Assignment Center.

There are no recorded assignments for US Patent 12551319 at the USPTO Assignment Center as of 2026-08-12. This indicates that the original assignee, Smart Denture Conversions LLC, still retains ownership of the patent.

Timeline diagram

timeline
    title Ownership of US 12551319
    2024 : Filed by Smart Denture Conversions LLC
    2026 : Issued to Smart Denture Conversions LLC

NPE / troll-pattern signals

1. Shell-entity transfer — Not present. There are no recorded assignments to any shell entities. Smart Denture Conversions LLC appears to be an operating company that sells products.
2. Known asserter in the chain — Not present. Smart Denture Conversions LLC is not listed as a known NPE. The patent is currently owned by the original assignee.
3. Repeat correspondent across the chain — Not present. There is no assignment chain to analyze for recurring correspondents.
4. Cascading transfers — Not present. There are no recorded assignments.
5. Pre-litigation transfer — Not present. There are no recorded assignments. Smart Denture Conversions LLC has filed patent infringement lawsuits against Straumann USA, LLC on related patents (U.S. Patent No. 11,937,992 and U.S. Patent No. 11,311,354) in July 2024.
6. Bankruptcy fire-sale — Not present. There is no indication that Smart Denture Conversions LLC is in bankruptcy or that the patent was sold as part of a bankruptcy proceeding.
7. Privateering — Unclear. While Smart Denture Conversions LLC has asserted related patents against a competitor (Straumann USA, LLC), there is no evidence to suggest this is a privateering arrangement where they are asserting on behalf of another operating company.
8. Defensive aggregator (anti-NPE) — Not present. The patent is still held by the original assignee, Smart Denture Conversions LLC.

Verdict

Operating-company assertion

The patent is currently owned by the original assignee, Smart Denture Conversions LLC. They are an active company that sells products related to dental prosthetics and implant attachment systems. Furthermore, Smart Denture Conversions LLC has actively asserted related patents (US 11,937,992 and US 11,311,354) against a direct competitor, Straumann USA, LLC, indicating an operating company assertion strategy.

You can verify this information through the USPTO Assignment Center by searching for patent number 12551319 at https://assignmentcenter.uspto.gov/.

The most relevant prior art for US Patent 12551319, "Screw-attached pick-up dental coping system and methods," primarily consists of patents related to dental impression systems, impression copings, and temporary dental components. A review of the patents cited by US12551319, with particular attention to their abstracts and relevance to the independent claims of US12551319, indicates that while they address aspects of dental implant impressions and temporary restorations, they generally do not disclose the specific mechanism of an axially separable temporary fastener that allows for closed-tray pick-up while leaving the threaded post engaged in the implant abutment.

Here's an analysis of selected relevant prior art patents from the citations:

1. US6007340A: Dental abutment and impression coping

• Full Citation: US6,007,340 A, Koutu, "Dental abutment and impression coping", issued December 28, 1999.
• Publication/Filing Date: Publication: December 28, 1999; Filing: May 29, 1997.
• Brief Description: This patent describes a dental abutment and an impression coping designed for accurate impression taking of dental implants. The impression coping is configured for reliable connection to the abutment, and its outer surface features are intended to ensure firm retention within the impression material for precise transfer of the implant's position to a dental model.
• Potential Anticipation Analysis (US12551319 claims): US6007340A describes a conventional impression coping that is either unscrewed from the abutment or transferred within the impression. It does not anticipate any of the independent claims of US12551319 because it lacks the core inventive concept of a temporary alignment fastener with an axially separable cap or temporary engagement means that releases the coping through axial force while the threaded post remains engaged in the implant abutment. The focus is on traditional impression coping and abutment designs for accurate impression transfer, not on a separable temporary fastener system for closed-tray pick-up.

2. US6290500B1: Dental impression system

• Full Citation: US6,290,500 B1, Grout et al., "Dental impression system", issued September 18, 2001.
• Publication/Filing Date: Publication: September 18, 2001; Filing: November 10, 1999.
• Brief Description: This patent discloses a dental impression system utilizing an impression coping with a frustoconical shape. The system aims to provide accurate impression results by ensuring proper orientation and seating of the impression coping in the impression material, specifically detailing the coping's shape and its internal channel for a retaining screw to accurately capture implant position.
• Potential Anticipation Analysis (US12551319 claims): Similar to US6007340A, this patent describes a conventional impression system with a retaining screw. It does not anticipate any of the independent claims of US12551319. It does not disclose a temporary alignment fastener with an axially separable cap or temporary engagement means that permits the coping to be released by axial force without unscrewing the threaded post from the abutment. The retaining screw would typically be unscrewed to remove the coping or the impression.

3. US6508647B1: Dental impression post

• Full Citation: US6,508,647 B1, Richter et al., "Dental impression post", issued January 21, 2003.
• Publication/Filing Date: Publication: January 21, 2003; Filing: June 13, 2001.
• Brief Description: This patent describes a dental impression post with a screw-in portion for attachment to the implant and a head portion configured to engage impression material. It aims to provide a stable and accurately positionable impression post, particularly for a closed tray technique, using a retaining screw.
• Potential Anticipation Analysis (US12551319 claims): US6508647B1 describes an impression post that screws into an implant and is designed for a closed-tray technique. However, it does not anticipate any of the independent claims of US12551319 because it does not disclose a temporary alignment fastener featuring an axially separable cap or temporary engagement means that detaches the coping with axial force while the threaded post remains secured in the abutment. The impression post itself, secured by a retaining screw, is typically removed by unscrewing.

4. US8277218B2: Screw-type dental implant

• Full Citation: US8,277,218 B2, Dalise, "Screw-type dental implant", issued October 2, 2012.
• Publication/Filing Date: Publication: October 2, 2012; Filing: April 28, 2011.
• Brief Description: This patent describes a dental implant apparatus with a threaded lower portion for bone engagement, a divergent intermediate collar, and a tapered abutment or a ball-like snap attachment for securing removable dentures. The implant is designed for dual stabilization and can support immediate loading by cementing a temporary crown or bridge or by lightly attaching a removable full or partial denture. It also references temporary abutments used for provisional restorations.
• Potential Anticipation Analysis (US12551319 claims): While US8277218B2 mentions "temporary" dental components and mechanisms like a "ball-like snap attachment" for securing removable dentures, it does not anticipate the specific temporary fastener configurations described in US12551319's independent claims. It does not disclose a threaded post with an axially separable cap (Claim 1) or a temporary screw with temporary engagement means that releases the coping axially without disengaging the threaded post from the abutment (Claim 2). The snap attachment is a different mechanical principle from the axial separation of a cap/coping from a screwed-in post. Similarly, it does not describe the specific steps of the denture conversion method (Claim 3) that rely on such axially separable temporary fasteners.

In summary, while the cited prior art patents address various aspects of dental implant prosthetics and impression taking, none of the reviewed patents explicitly disclose the key inventive concept of US12551319: a temporary screw-in fastener system with an axially separable component (either a cap or the coping itself) that facilitates a closed-tray pick-up process by allowing axial release of the coping/cap while the threaded post remains engaged in the implant abutment. This specific mechanism for enhancing closed-tray pick-up for screw-attached systems appears to be a novel aspect addressed by US12551319.

Based on the "Prior Art" section, an analysis under 35 U.S.C. § 103 suggests that the claims of US Patent 12551319 could be considered obvious through a combination of the cited prior art references, driven by a clear motivation to overcome known problems in the field.

Known Problem in the Art

The background of US12551319 explicitly outlines several disadvantages of existing screw-attachment systems for dental coping pick-up. These include:

• The requirement for using an open-tray impression to release the coping from the abutment after the impression material sets, which leads to patient discomfort and a gag reflex due to impression screws sticking through the tray. [cite: Background of the Invention]
• The need for customization and larger clearance holes in dentures for long impression screws, potentially weakening the denture. [cite: Background of the Invention]
• Impression screws preventing the patient from applying bite pressure during the pick-up process, hindering proper registration. [cite: Background of the Invention]

These identified problems provide a clear motivation for a person having ordinary skill in the art (POSA) to seek an improved system that allows for closed-tray pick-up of screw-attached copings without the need for unscrewing the temporary fastener from the abutment during the pick-up process.

Combination of Prior Art References and Motivation

The most relevant combination of prior art references for establishing obviousness would be US6508647B1 (Richter et al.) in view of US8277218B2 (Dalise), along with general mechanical engineering knowledge.

1. US6508647B1 (Richter et al.): Dental impression post

   • Richter describes a dental impression post that has a screw-in portion for attachment to the implant and a head portion configured to engage impression material.
   • Crucially, Richter's system aims to provide a stable and accurately positionable impression post, particularly for a closed tray technique, using a retaining screw.
   • Deficiency: As noted in the provided prior art analysis, Richter's impression post, secured by a retaining screw, is "typically removed by unscrewing." [cite: Prior Art section] This means that while it addresses closed-tray impressions, it still requires rotationally disengaging the screw, which US12551319 aims to avoid during the initial pick-up.

2. US8277218B2 (Dalise): Screw-type dental implant

   • Dalise discloses a dental implant apparatus that includes various attachments, notably a "ball-like snap attachment for securing removable dentures."
   • Contribution to Combination: While Dalise describes a definitive attachment for dentures and uses a "snap" mechanism (a different mechanical principle from the axial separation of a cap/coping from a screwed-in post as in US12551319), it introduces the concept of a separable mechanical connection between dental components attached to implants. [cite: 4, Prior Art section]

Obviousness Argument

A POSA, facing the clear and well-known challenges of current screw-attached closed-tray impression techniques (as articulated in the background of US12551319), would be motivated to develop a more efficient and patient-comfortable solution.

The POSA would start with Richter's teaching of a screw-in impression post for a closed tray, recognizing its benefits for accuracy and stability. However, they would simultaneously identify the drawback of Richter's system: the need to unscrew the retaining screw, which contradicts the desire for a true "pick-up" in a closed tray and would lead to the very patient discomfort and procedural complications US12551319 seeks to solve.

Motivated to overcome this deficiency, the POSA would look for ways to allow the impression material (and the coping embedded within it) to be removed axially, while retaining the threaded portion of the temporary fastener in the abutment for later, easier unscrewing. This is where the concept of separability from Dalise (or general mechanical design principles) becomes relevant. Even though Dalise's "snap attachment" is for definitive denture retention, it teaches the fundamental idea of a component that can be separated axially from an implant connection.

It would be an obvious design choice for a POSA to modify Richter's impression post by making the portion that engages the impression material (analogous to US12551319's "cap" or the coping with "temporary engagement means") axially separable from the threaded portion that screws into the implant abutment. The specific mechanical means for achieving this axial separability—such as interference fits, snap fits, or frangible connections—are well-established in mechanical engineering and dental device design (as acknowledged by US12551319 itself, mentioning "interference fits, adhesives, snap fits or other elastic and inelastically deforming retention elements" [cite: Brief Summary of the Invention]).

Therefore, combining the screw-in stability and closed-tray intention of Richter with the general concept of mechanical separability (as exemplified by Dalise, or simply by a POSA's knowledge of various separable fastening methods) to address the known problem of cumbersome screw removal in existing closed-tray pick-up systems would render the claims of US12551319 obvious.

Addressing the Independent Claims:

• Claim 1 (System with separable cap): It would be obvious to modify Richter's screw-in post to incorporate an axially separable cap on its proximal end. This cap would hold the coping and be designed to separate from the threaded post upon application of an axial release force, enabling closed-tray pick-up.
• Claim 2 (System with temporary engagement means): Similarly, it would be obvious to configure the coping itself with temporary engagement means (e.g., internal features for an interference or snap fit) to engage a screw-in temporary post (derived from Richter), allowing the coping to release axially from the post without the post disengaging from the abutment.
• Claim 3 (Method): If the temporary alignment fastener systems described in Claims 1 and 2 are rendered obvious by the combination of prior art, then the method of using such an obvious system for converting an existing denture for screw attachment would likewise be obvious. The steps of the method (mounting, adhering, pulling, unscrewing, forming holes, mounting definitively) are largely conventional for denture conversion, with the core inventive step lying in the use of the axially separable temporary fasteners.

Patent Term Adjustments (PTA)

Patent Term Adjustment (PTA) refers to an extension of a patent's term beyond the standard 20 years from its earliest effective filing date, granted to compensate for certain administrative delays by the USPTO during prosecution. These delays can include the USPTO failing to:

• Issue a first Office Action within 14 months of filing.
• Respond to an applicant's reply or an appeal within 4 months.
• Issue a patent within 4 months after the payment of the issue fee.
• Issue a patent within 36 months from the filing date of the application.

The USPTO automatically calculates and provides a notice of the PTA period, usually on the issue notification or the front page of the issued patent. However, applicants can petition for reconsideration if they believe there's an error in the calculation. Applicant delays, such as responding to Office Actions more than three months after notification, can reduce the total PTA.

As of the current date, April 26, 2026, the specific Patent Term Adjustment (PTA) for US Patent 12551319 is not readily available through general search results. This information is typically detailed on the front page of the issued patent or in its official transaction history, which would require direct access to the USPTO's Patent Center or Public Search database for the specific patent.

Patent Term Extensions (PTE)

Patent Term Extension (PTE) is a separate mechanism from PTA, designed to compensate patent owners for delays incurred in obtaining regulatory approval for certain products, primarily pharmaceuticals, medical devices, animal drugs, and food/color additives. Unlike PTA, which is automatically calculated, PTE requires a separate application to the USPTO, typically within 60 days of the product's first regulatory approval (e.g., FDA approval). Key limitations for PTE include a maximum extension of five years and a cap on the total effective patent life (after first approval) of 14 years. Only one patent can be extended per approved product.

Given that US Patent 12551319 pertains to a "Screw-attached pick-up dental coping system and methods," which falls under the broader category of dental prosthetics and not typically a product requiring extensive FDA regulatory review akin to pharmaceuticals, it is unlikely to be eligible for Patent Term Extension under 35 U.S.C. § 156. No information indicating a PTE for this patent was found in the search results.

Continuation Applications, Divisional Applications, and Related Family Members

A continuation application is a new patent application filed by an applicant to pursue additional claims to an invention disclosed in an earlier, still-pending application (the "parent" application). It uses the same specification as the parent and claims the priority date of the parent, but cannot add new subject matter. Continuation applications are often used to broaden or narrow claims or to protect against competitor designs.

A divisional application is a specific type of continuing application filed when a patent examiner determines that an original application contains more than one invention. The applicant is required to select one invention to proceed with, and can then file divisional applications for the unselected inventions, retaining the priority date of the original application. Divisional applications also use the same specification as the parent.

The full patent text of US12551319 states that it is a continuation of several earlier patent applications:

• U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/424,696, filed on Jan. 26, 2024.
• U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/328,730, filed on Jun. 3, 2023, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,937,992.
• U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/691,108, filed on Mar. 9, 2022.
• U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/596,361, filed on Oct. 8, 2019, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,311,354 on Apr. 26, 2022.

The patent also claims priority from several U.S. provisional patent applications:

• U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/742,942, filed on Oct. 9, 2018.
• U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/774,402, filed on Dec. 3, 2018.
• U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/818,082, filed on Mar. 13, 2019.

These explicitly listed applications represent the patent family and indicate that US12551319 is part of a series of applications that share a common inventive disclosure, building upon earlier priority dates.

Projected Expiration Date

The standard term for a U.S. utility patent is 20 years from its earliest effective filing date. In the case of US12551319, the earliest priority date claimed is October 9, 2018, from U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/742,942.

Therefore, the anticipated expiration date for US12551319, without considering any Patent Term Adjustments (PTA) or Patent Term Extensions (PTE), would be 20 years from October 9, 2018.

Projected Expiration Date (without adjustments): October 9, 2038.

As mentioned earlier, specific PTA for this patent would need to be retrieved directly from USPTO records, as it is not available in general search results. If any PTA were granted, it would extend the expiration date beyond October 9, 2038. Given the nature of the invention, PTE is not expected. The patent metadata on Google Patents lists an "Anticipated expiration" of 2039-10-08, which is exactly 20 years from the priority date plus a year, suggesting a potential PTA of approximately one year, or a calculation based on an earlier non-provisional filing date within the chain that is not the earliest provisional. However, without direct access to the USPTO's official PTA calculation for US12551319, this remains an approximation.

Defensive Disclosure for US Patent 12551319: Screw-attached pick-up dental coping system and methods

This document outlines derivative variations of the core inventive concepts disclosed in US Patent 12551319. The aim is to create robust prior art, through defensive disclosure, that could render future incremental improvements by competitors obvious or non-novel under 35 U.S.C. §§ 102 and 103. The derivations are structured around specific axes: Material & Component Substitution, Operational Parameter Expansion, Cross-Domain Application, Integration with Emerging Technologies, and the "Inverse" or Failure Mode.

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Derivatives Based on Independent Claim 1

Core Concept of Claim 1: A temporary alignment fastener comprising a threaded post and an axially separable cap, configured to hold a coping against an implant abutment.

1.1 Material & Component Substitution: Eutectic Bonded, Biodegradable Cap Fastener

Enabling Description:
A temporary alignment fastener for dental coping pick-up composed of a titanium alloy post with a male threaded first end for engagement with an implant abutment. The second post end features a cylindrical segment configured for a press-fit, or an interference fit. A cap, fabricated from a polylactic acid (PLA) or polyglycolic acid (PGA) biocompatible, biodegradable polymer, is attached to this second post end via a eutectic solder bond. The eutectic bond is formed using a low-melting point, biocompatible alloy (e.g., an indium-bismuth alloy) applied as a thin coating between the post and cap. This bond is designed to withstand typical seating forces but separates axially upon application of a predetermined tensile force (e.g., 5-15 N) during coping pick-up, leaving the threaded titanium post engaged in the abutment. The biodegradable cap is subsequently picked up within the prosthesis and naturally degrades within a specified timeframe (e.g., 6-12 months post-installation) or can be milled out.

graph TD
    A[Implant Abutment] -- Threaded Attachment --> B(Titanium Alloy Post)
    B -- Eutectic Solder Bond (In-Bi Alloy) --> C(Biodegradable PLA/PGA Cap)
    C -- Axial Force --> D{Coping/Prosthesis}
    D -- Adhered --> E[Denture/Prosthesis]
    C -- Separates Axially on Pick-up --> D
    D -- Post Remains in Abutment --> B

1.2 Operational Parameter Expansion: Nano-Precision, Cryogenically Released Fastener

Enabling Description:
A temporary alignment fastener system designed for nano-precision alignment of micro-scale dental or orthopedic implants, particularly for applications requiring cryogenic processing or storage. The post, constructed from a high-strength, low-thermal-expansion coefficient nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape-memory alloy, features micro-threads (e.g., M0.5x0.1) for attachment to a micro-implant abutment. The cap, also made of NiTi, is press-fit onto the post. The separable attachment between the cap and post is further reinforced by a thin layer of a shear-thickening fluid (e.g., a fumed silica suspension in a non-freezing, biocompatible carrier). At ambient temperatures, the fluid provides a high shear resistance. For pick-up, the assembly is cooled to a cryogenic temperature (e.g., -80°C to -196°C). At these low temperatures, the shape-memory alloy components undergo a phase transformation, slightly altering their dimensions and reducing the interference fit, while the shear-thickening fluid's viscosity dramatically increases. A precisely calibrated axial force (e.g., 0.5-2 N) then separates the cap, designed to pivot slightly to accommodate angular variations during removal, from the post without unscrewing the micro-threaded portion.

stateDiagram-v2
    [*] --> Initial_Assembly: Post & Cap
    Initial_Assembly --> Ambient_Retention: Shear-thickening fluid provides retention
    Ambient_Retention --> Cryo_Cooling: Decrease Temp (-80C to -196C)
    Cryo_Cooling --> Phase_Transformation: NiTi dimensional change, fluid viscosity increase
    Phase_Transformation --> Axial_Separation: Predetermined Axial Force
    Axial_Separation --> Cap_Released
    Cap_Released --> Post_Remains: In Abutment
    Post_Remains --> [*]

1.3 Cross-Domain Application: Aerospace Panel Alignment with Frangible Cap

Enabling Description:
A temporary fastener system for aligning large composite aerospace panels (e.g., fuselage or wing sections) during assembly before permanent fastening. The system comprises a high-strength aluminum alloy post, with a large-diameter external thread (e.g., M50x3.0) for attachment into a corresponding threaded bore on a primary structural frame element. The cap, made of a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite, is attached to the post via a series of pre-scored frangible shear pins. These pins are designed to yield at a precisely calibrated axial force (e.g., 500-1500 N). The cap features an alignment ring that interfaces with a locating hole on the composite panel. During assembly, the post is screwed into the frame, and the panel is positioned onto the cap. After all primary rivets or bolts are installed in the panel, an axial pull-off force (e.g., from a specialized pneumatic tool) is applied to the cap/panel assembly. The frangible pins shear, allowing the panel (with the embedded cap) to separate from the threaded post, which remains in the structural frame for subsequent removal or re-use in future maintenance.

flowchart TD
    A[Structural Frame] -- Screw Attach --> B(Aluminum Alloy Post)
    B -- Frangible Shear Pins --> C(CFRP Composite Cap)
    C -- Interface Locating Hole --> D[Composite Panel]
    D -- Primary Rivets/Bolts Installed --> E(Permanent Fastening)
    E -- Axial Pull-off Force --> C
    C -- Shears Pins --> C
    C -- Separates from Post --> B
    D -- Removed from Frame --> A

1.4 Integration with Emerging Tech: AI-Optimized, IoT-Monitored Temporary Fastener

Enabling Description:
A temporary alignment fastener for securing prostheses, featuring a threaded titanium post and a PEEK cap. The post-cap interface includes an array of micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) strain gauges and a micro-Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) transceiver embedded within the PEEK cap. During installation, an AI-driven torque wrench applies optimal torque, continuously monitoring strain gauge data to ensure perfect seating of the coping against the abutment. Post-installation and during the adhesive curing phase, the embedded BLE sensor wirelessly transmits real-time micro-strain data to a central IoT hub, monitoring for any movement, settling, or premature separation. The AI algorithm analyzes this data against known biomechanical models to predict optimal pick-up timing and the precise axial force required for cap separation. Upon pick-up, the sensor confirms successful axial detachment of the cap from the post, logging the exact release force and any angular deviation for quality assurance and blockchain-based immutable record-keeping. The blockchain ledger verifies material batches, manufacturing dates, sterilization records, and all usage parameters (torque, strain, release force).

sequenceDiagram
    participant C as Clinician
    participant TW as AI Torque Wrench
    participant PC as PEEK Cap w/ MEMS & BLE
    participant TP as Threaded Post
    participant AB as Implant Abutment
    participant IOT as IoT Hub
    participant AI as AI Algorithm
    participant BC as Blockchain Ledger

    C->>TW: Initiate Installation
    TW->>TP: Apply Torque (AI-optimized)
    TP->>AB: Thread Engagement
    PC->>TP: Seat Cap on Post
    PC->>IOT: Transmit Real-time Strain Data (BLE)
    IOT->>AI: Feed Strain Data
    AI->>TW: Adjust Torque (Optimize Seating)
    C->>IOT: Monitor Status
    IOT->>AI: Analyze Data (Predict Release Force)
    C->>PC: Apply Axial Release Force (Pick-up)
    PC->>TP: Cap Separates from Post
    PC->>IOT: Transmit Release Confirmation & Force (BLE)
    IOT->>BC: Log All Parameters & Events

1.5 The "Inverse" or Failure Mode: Fail-Safe Frangible-Interface Fastener

Enabling Description:
A temporary alignment fastener designed for fail-safe axial release, preventing damage to the implant abutment or prosthesis in scenarios of excessive removal force or complex multi-implant angles. The fastener utilizes a threaded biocompatible titanium alloy post. The cap is also made of a high-impact polymer, but the interface between the cap and the post is engineered with a series of annular micro-notches forming a frangible zone. This zone is calibrated to fracture cleanly and predictably under a specific tensile force (e.g., 30 N), which is slightly below the yield strength of the abutment interface and well below the cohesive strength of the bonding adhesive. If the initial axial pick-up force exceeds this threshold due to unfavorable leverage or accidental impact, the cap fractures at this zone, detaching from the post without exerting harmful shear or torsional stress on the underlying abutment. The fractured cap fragments are designed to be inert, easily retrievable from the prosthesis cavity, and non-sharp to avoid tissue damage. The post remains intact within the abutment for conventional unscrewing. This low-power mode ensures component protection.

graph LR
    A[Implant Abutment] -- Threaded Attach --> B(Titanium Post)
    B -- Frangible Annular Notches --> C(Polymer Cap)
    C -- Holds Coping --> D[Coping/Prosthesis]
    D -- Excessive Axial Pull --> C
    C -- Fractures at Notches --> F(Cap Fragments) & E(Post Portion)
    F -- Safely Removed --> G[Waste]
    E -- Remains in B --> B
    B -- Later Unscrewed --> H[Removal Tool]

---

Derivatives Based on Independent Claim 2

Core Concept of Claim 2: A coping with an aperture for a definitive screw, and a temporary screw with engagement means that releases the coping axially without disengaging the threaded post from the abutment.

2.1 Material & Component Substitution: Self-Lubricating, Collet-Finger Coping Engagement

Enabling Description:
A dental coping, precision-machined from Zirconia, featuring a distal end shaped to engage an implant abutment. Its proximal end incorporates an internal aperture for a definitive screw shaft and, crucially, a set of integral, radially inward-biased collet-type spring fingers made from a self-lubricating, bio-inert PEEK polymer (e.g., PEEK-GF30). These fingers are formed by axial slots in the coping's internal bore. The temporary screw consists of a titanium alloy post with a male-threaded distal end for the abutment. Its proximal end features a smooth, tapered engagement shaft designed to mate with the collet fingers. The PEEK fingers engage the temporary screw shaft via an interference fit, providing temporary axial retention. Upon application of a predetermined axial force (e.g., 20-50 N) during prosthesis removal, the self-lubricating nature of the PEEK reduces friction, allowing the coping to slide axially and release from the temporary screw post without the post disengaging from the implant abutment threads. The tapered design of the engagement shaft further facilitates smooth, controlled axial release.

classDiagram
    class Implant_Abutment {
        +FemaleThreads
        +MatingSurface
    }
    class Zirconia_Coping {
        +DistalEnd: Engages Abutment
        +ProximalEnd: Aperture for Definitive Screw
        +InternalColletFingers(PEEK)
    }
    class Titanium_Post {
        +ThreadedDistalEnd: Engages Abutment
        +SmoothTaperedProximalEnd: Engages Coping
    }
    class Definitive_Screw {
        +ThreadedShaft
        +Head
    }

    Implant_Abutment <.. Zirconia_Coping : Mating
    Titanium_Post -- Zirconia_Coping : TemporaryEngagementMeans
    Implant_Abutment -- Titanium_Post : ThreadedAttachment
    Definitive_Screw -- Zirconia_Coping : FinalAttachment

2.2 Operational Parameter Expansion: High-Frequency Vibration-Assisted Release System

Enabling Description:
A dental coping and temporary screw system designed for enhanced release predictability under varying clinical conditions, employing high-frequency vibratory assistance. The coping is fabricated from a reinforced ceramic matrix composite (CMC) for extreme durability. The temporary screw post, made of a medical-grade stainless steel (e.g., 316L), features a micro-knurled proximal shaft. The coping's internal bore contains an elastomeric ring (e.g., silicone-urethane hybrid) that grips the knurled shaft, providing temporary axial retention. To achieve precise and controlled axial release during pick-up, a specialized handpiece is employed. This handpiece emits localized high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations (e.g., 20-50 kHz) directed at the coping-temporary screw interface. The vibrations temporarily reduce the static friction and interference between the elastomeric ring and the knurled shaft, allowing the coping to release axially at a lower, more consistent pull force (e.g., 10-30 N) than would be required without vibration. This method prevents excessive stress on the implants or surrounding tissues.

flowchart TD
    A[Implant Abutment] -- Threaded Attach --> B(Temporary Screw Post)
    B -- Micro-Knurled Shaft --> C(Elastomeric Ring in Coping)
    C -- Held by --> D[CMC Coping]
    D -- High-Frequency Vibration Applied --> E[Ultrasonic Handpiece]
    E -- Reduces Friction --> C
    D -- Axial Pull Force --> F{Coping Release}
    F -- Coping Separates --> G[Prosthesis w/ Coping]
    F -- Post Remains --> B

2.3 Cross-Domain Application: Precision Alignment Fixture for Microfluidic Devices

Enabling Description:
A precision alignment system for temporary securing and then axially releasing microfluidic chips onto a manifold. A threaded base-plate (analogous to an implant abutment), made of anodized aluminum, has multiple threaded ports. A temporary alignment pin (analogous to the temporary screw post), made of precision-machined stainless steel, screws into each port. The proximal end of the pin features a magnetic detent. A microfluidic chip (analogous to the coping) with an integrated ferrite core (acting as the temporary engagement means) is designed to snap onto the magnetic detent of the pin. This system temporarily holds the chip in precise alignment on the manifold for bonding or testing procedures. After these operations, an axial pull-off force (e.g., 1-5 N) is applied to the chip, overcoming the magnetic retention and releasing the chip from the pin, while the threaded alignment pin remains secured to the base-plate, preserving its position.

graph TD
    A[Anodized Al Base-plate] -- Threaded Attach --> B(Stainless Steel Alignment Pin)
    B -- Magnetic Detent --> C(Ferrite Core in Microfluidic Chip)
    C -- Holds Chip --> D[Microfluidic Chip]
    D -- Operations Complete --> E(Bonding/Testing)
    E -- Axial Pull-off Force --> C
    C -- Releases Magnetically --> D
    D -- Chip Removed --> F[Next Process]
    B -- Pin Remains --> A

2.4 Integration with Emerging Tech: IoT-Integrated Coping with Haptic Feedback Release

Enabling Description:
A dental coping system where the coping is made from a bio-ceramic with embedded micro-vibration motors and a small wireless (e.g., Zigbee) transceiver. The temporary screw post, made of titanium, has a polished conical proximal end. The coping's temporary engagement means consists of an internal elastomeric sleeve with a series of annular ridges, designed to grip the conical post via an interference fit. During installation, an IoT-enabled torque driver provides real-time force feedback. Post-adhesive curing, the clinician initiates the "pick-up" procedure. The coping's embedded sensors detect the axial pull force and transmit it to a wearable haptic feedback glove worn by the clinician. Simultaneously, an AI algorithm (running on a connected tablet) processes the force data and, at the optimal axial release point (e.g., 40 N), triggers the coping's micro-vibration motors. These vibrations subtly loosen the elastomeric grip, enhancing axial release. The haptic glove provides tactile confirmation of successful coping detachment and informs the clinician to reduce pull force, ensuring a smooth, damage-free pick-up without disengaging the temporary post from the abutment.

sequenceDiagram
    participant C as Clinician (Haptic Glove)
    participant TD as IoT Torque Driver
    participant EC as Embedded Coping (Vib Motor, Zigbee)
    participant TP as Titanium Post
    participant AB as Implant Abutment
    participant AI as AI Algorithm (Tablet)
    participant HL as IoT Hub/Logging

    C->>TD: Install (Torque)
    TD->>TP: Drive Post
    TP->>AB: Thread Engage
    EC->>TP: Elastomeric Grip (Temporary Engagement)
    EC->>HL: Transmit Force Data (Zigbee)
    HL->>AI: Feed Data
    AI->>C: Haptic Feedback (Glove) - Optimal Seating
    C->>EC: Apply Axial Pull (Pick-up)
    EC->>HL: Transmit Axial Force Data
    HL->>AI: Feed Data
    AI->>EC: Trigger Micro-Vibration Motors (Optimal Release)
    EC->>TP: Axial Release
    EC->>HL: Confirm Release
    HL->>C: Haptic Feedback (Glove) - Release Confirmed

2.5 The "Inverse" or Failure Mode: Variable Retention, Degradable-Interface Coping

Enabling Description:
A dental coping system designed with a variable retention mechanism and a degradable interface for controlled, selective axial release. The coping, made of a strong PEEK composite, incorporates an internal channel with multiple, selectable engagement points (e.g., grooves or detents). The temporary screw post is a titanium alloy with a series of concentric ridges near its proximal end. Instead of a fixed interference, the temporary engagement means utilizes a bio-absorbable polymer insert (e.g., PGA) placed into one of the coping's engagement points. This insert, selected by the clinician, offers low, medium, or high axial retention force (e.g., 10 N, 25 N, or 50 N respectively). For "failure mode" scenarios, a very low-retention insert can be chosen for diagnostic pick-ups or when patient sensitivity is high. Alternatively, the polymer insert itself can be designed to slowly degrade over 24-48 hours when exposed to oral fluids, leading to a gentle, passive axial release of the coping without intervention. This allows for a "soft" failure mode where the coping detaches gradually if not picked up actively, minimizing stress on the implant or adjacent structures.

graph TD
    A[Implant Abutment] -- Threaded Attach --> B(Titanium Post w/ Ridges)
    B -- Bio-Absorbable Polymer Insert --> C(PEEK Coping w/ Selectable Grooves)
    C -- Holds Prosthesis --> D[Prosthesis]
    subgraph Retention Selection
        Low_Ret(Low Force) --> Insert_A(PGA Insert A)
        Med_Ret(Medium Force) --> Insert_B(PGA Insert B)
        High_Ret(High Force) --> Insert_C(PGA Insert C)
    end
    C -- Oral Fluids Exposure --> C_Degrade(Polymer Insert Degrades)
    C_Degrade --> Coping_Release(Passive Axial Release)
    D -- Removed from Patient --> E[Dentist]
    B -- Post Remains --> A

---

Derivatives Based on Independent Claim 3

Core Concept of Claim 3: A method for converting an existing denture for screw attachment using temporary fasteners, involving mounting, adhering, picking up, unscrewing fasteners, forming holes, and definitive mounting.

3.1 Material & Component Substitution: Light-Curable, Flexible Denture Material Conversion

Enabling Description:
A method for converting an existing flexible silicone or PEEK-based denture to a screw-attached prosthesis. Initially, intra-oral scanning (e.g., using a 3D optical scanner compliant with open-source mesh standards like GLTF) generates a precise digital model of the patient's oral anatomy and existing denture. Cavities are then milled into the denture using a five-axis CNC machine guided by this digital model, sized to receive specialized PEEK copings. These PEEK copings are temporarily mounted to the implant abutments using titanium temporary fasteners (as per Claim 1 or 2). A novel light-curable, low-shrinkage urethane dimethacrylate adhesive, optimized for bonding to PEEK and the denture material, is dispensed into the milled cavities. The denture is seated, and the adhesive is rapidly cured using a high-intensity LED array (e.g., 405 nm wavelength). The high flexibility of the denture material, combined with the axial separability of the temporary fasteners, allows for easy, multi-directional pick-up, even with slight angular misalignments of the implants. After pick-up, the temporary fasteners are unscrewed, and definitive screw clearance holes are laser-drilled through the now coping-integrated denture. Finally, the denture is mounted with definitive titanium screws.

flowchart TD
    A[Digital Scan Existing Denture/Oral Anatomy] -- STL/GLTF --> B(AI-Optimized Milling Plan)
    B -- CNC Mill --> C{Milled Cavities in Flexible Denture}
    D[Implant Abutments] -- Mount --> E(PEEK Copings)
    E -- with --> F(Titanium Temporary Fasteners)
    C -- Dispense --> G(Light-Curable Urethane Adhesive)
    G -- Seat Denture onto Copings --> H(Adhesive Curing via LED Array)
    H -- Rapid Curing --> I{Coping Pick-up (Denture Removed Axially)}
    I -- Unscrew --> J(Temporary Fasteners Removed)
    J -- Laser Drill --> K(Definitive Screw Clearance Holes)
    K -- Mount with --> L(Definitive Titanium Screws)
    L --> M[Screw-Attached Flexible Denture]

3.2 Operational Parameter Expansion: Robotic, Ultra-High-Speed Laser Milling & Curing Conversion

Enabling Description:
An automated method for ultra-rapid chair-side conversion of an existing denture. After intra-oral scanning, a robotic arm equipped with a femtosecond laser performs precise, non-contact milling of cavities in the existing denture, with real-time feedback ensuring sub-micron accuracy. The robotic system then automatically mounts custom-designed ceramic pick-up copings onto the implant abutments using temporary fasteners with integrated micro-sensors (as per Derivative 1.4). A specialized, rapid-setting, photo-activated cyanoacrylate-based adhesive is dispensed by the robot into the cavities. The robot precisely seats the denture onto the copings. Curing is instantaneous via a pulsed UV laser, significantly reducing curing time (e.g., to less than 5 seconds per coping). The robot then performs a synchronized axial pull-off, picking up the denture with the bonded copings. After pick-up, the robot removes the temporary fasteners and then, using its laser head, drills the definitive screw clearance holes through the denture. The final mounting with definitive screws is performed by the robot, ensuring consistent torque application and optimal fit. This system operates at high throughput, minimizing patient chair time.

sequenceDiagram
    participant P as Patient
    participant R as Robotic Arm (Laser, Dispenser, Gripper)
    participant SC as Intra-oral Scanner
    participant DS as Digital System (AI/CAD)
    participant TF as Temporary Fasteners (w/ Sensors)
    participant DA as Definitive Abutments
    participant DC as Denture Copings
    participant DM as Denture Material
    participant AD as Photo-activated Adhesive

    P->>SC: Intra-oral Scan
    SC->>DS: Send Scan Data
    DS->>R: Transmit Milling & Assembly Plan
    R->>DM: Femtosecond Laser Milling of Cavities
    R->>TF: Mount TF to DA
    TF->>DA: Secure Copings
    R->>AD: Dispense Adhesive into Cavities
    R->>DM: Seat Denture onto DC (via TF)
    R->>DM: Pulsed UV Laser Curing
    R->>DM: Synchronized Axial Pick-up (Denture w/ DC)
    R->>TF: Remove TF from DA
    R->>DM: Laser Drill Definitive Screw Holes
    R->>DM: Mount Denture w/ Definitive Screws
    R->>P: Converted Denture Installed

3.3 Cross-Domain Application: Industrial Component Alignment for Modular Reactor Assembly

Enabling Description:
A method for the precision alignment of modular reactor core components during pre-assembly and subsequent permanent fastening, adapted from the dental coping pick-up system. Temporary alignment posts with male threads (e.g., M100x4.0), made from high-temperature resistant Inconel alloy, are screwed into pre-drilled, threaded receptacles (analogous to implant abutments) in a primary reactor vessel base. Specialized Inconel "copings" with internal features for axial separation are placed over these posts. The modular reactor core components (analogous to the denture) have cavities milled to receive these copings. A high-temperature ceramic adhesive (e.g., alumina-silica based) is applied, and the core component is seated, bonding the copings. After adhesive curing, the core component is axially lifted ("picked-up") from the temporary posts, leaving the lower threaded section of the posts in the vessel base. The temporary posts are then unscrewed, and permanent Inconel fasteners are used to definitively secure the modular component, ensuring repeatable alignment and easy initial assembly.

flowchart TD
    A[Reactor Vessel Base] -- Threaded Receptacles --> B(Inconel Temporary Alignment Posts)
    B -- Axial Separation Feature --> C(Inconel Copings)
    C -- Milled Cavities --> D[Modular Reactor Core Component]
    E[Ceramic Adhesive] -- Apply --> D
    D -- Seat onto Copings --> F(Adhesive Curing)
    F -- Axial Lift-off (Pick-up) --> G{Core Component with Copings}
    G -- Unscrew --> H(Temporary Posts Removed)
    H -- Install --> I(Permanent Inconel Fasteners)
    I --> J[Assembled Reactor Core]

3.4 Integration with Emerging Tech: Blockchain-Verified, AI-Assisted Denture Conversion

Enabling Description:
A comprehensive method for denture conversion that leverages AI for procedural optimization and blockchain for end-to-end traceability and auditability. The process begins with 3D intra-oral scanning and facial scanning, generating a comprehensive digital patient model. An AI algorithm analyzes this data to virtually plan the optimal position for temporary fasteners and coping placement, considering occlusal forces, implant angulation, and patient aesthetics, outputting a precise milling file for the existing denture. Each temporary fastener, coping, adhesive batch, and definitive screw is tagged with a unique digital identifier (e.g., QR code or RFID). All procedural steps – from AI planning, milling, temporary fastener torque (monitored by IoT-enabled tools), adhesive dispensing volume, curing parameters, axial pick-up force, and definitive screw torque – are automatically recorded and encrypted onto a secure, distributed blockchain ledger. This creates an immutable record for regulatory compliance, product recall traceability, and clinical performance analysis. The AI system provides real-time guidance to the clinician during manual steps (e.g., ensuring proper bite pressure during pick-up), optimizing efficiency and reducing human error, and logging all deviations to the blockchain.

graph TD
    A[Patient Scan Data] --> B{AI Planning & Optimization}
    B --> C(Milling File for Denture Cavities)
    C --> D(CNC Mill Existing Denture)
    E[Temp Fasteners + Copings] -- Unique IDs --> F(Blockchain Ledger)
    G[Implant Abutments] -- Mount E --> G
    H[IoT Torque Wrench] -- Record Torque --> F
    I[Adhesive Dispenser] -- Record Volume --> F
    J[Denture Seating & Curing] -- Record Params --> F
    K[Axial Pick-up] -- Record Force --> F
    L[Temporary Fasteners Removal] -- Record --> F
    M[Definitive Screw Holes] -- AI Guided Drill --> F
    N[Definitive Screws Mounting] -- Record Torque --> F
    O[Final Converted Denture] -- Digital Record --> F
    F -- Auditable & Traceable --> P(Regulatory Compliance)

3.5 The "Inverse" or Failure Mode: Reversible Adhesive Diagnostic Pick-up Method

Enabling Description:
A diagnostic method for denture conversion that prioritizes reversibility and non-destructive modification, designed for initial fit assessment rather than immediate definitive attachment. Cavities are milled in the existing denture as per standard protocols. Instead of a permanent bonding agent, a low-tack, biocompatible, thermally-reversible adhesive (e.g., a specific thermoplastic polymer or wax-based composite) is used to temporarily adhere the pick-up copings into the denture cavities. The temporary fasteners (with axially separable caps) secure the copings to the abutments. After seating the denture and allowing the reversible adhesive to set (e.g., at oral temperature), a controlled axial pick-up is performed. If the fit is unsatisfactory, the denture can be gently heated (e.g., with warm water or a low-power intra-oral heater) to soften the adhesive, allowing the copings to be easily detached from the denture without damage. This permits multiple adjustments or re-pick-ups without compromising the denture's integrity. Once an optimal fit is confirmed diagnostically, the temporary adhesive is completely removed, and the process is repeated with a permanent bonding agent.

stateDiagram-v2
    [*] --> Initial_Denture_Prep: Milling Cavities
    Initial_Denture_Prep --> Copings_Mounted: Temp Fasteners to Abutments
    Copings_Mounted --> Apply_Reversible_Adhesive: Low-Tack, Thermally-Reversible
    Apply_Reversible_Adhesive --> Denture_Seating: Copings bond to Denture
    Denture_Seating --> Adhesive_Set: At Oral Temperature
    Adhesive_Set --> Axial_Pick_up: Assess Fit
    Axial_Pick_up --> Is_Fit_Satisfactory?
    Is_Fit_Satisfactory? --> Yes: Remove Reversible Adhesive
    Is_Fit_Satisfactory? --> Yes: Apply Permanent Adhesive
    Apply_Permanent_Adhesive --> Final_Pick_up: Confirm & Cure
    Final_Pick_up --> Remove_Temp_Fasteners
    Remove_Temp_Fasteners --> Drill_Screw_Holes
    Drill_Screw_Holes --> Definitive_Mounting
    Definitive_Mounting --> [*]

    Is_Fit_Satisfactory? --> No: Heat_Denture_Gently
    Heat_Denture_Gently --> Copings_Detach_from_Denture
    Copings_Detach_from_Denture --> Re_Apply_Reversible_Adhesive: (Return to previous step)

---

Combination Prior Art Scenarios

Here are three combination prior art scenarios where the inventive concepts of US12551319 are integrated with existing open-source standards, demonstrating an obvious extension of the patent's teachings.

1. US12551319 + DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) + STL (Standard Tessellation Language)

Description:
The method for converting an existing denture described in US12551319 (Claim 3) is combined with established digital imaging and CAD/CAM standards. After the "pulling the denture with secured pick-up copings away from the implant abutments" step, the converted denture (now accurately incorporating the copings and thus reflecting the implant positions) is not processed physically but is immediately digitized. This digitization is performed using a high-resolution 3D intra-oral scanner or desktop optical scanner. The resulting 3D mesh data of the denture and integrated copings is exported in a standard open-source format, such as STL. This STL file, representing the precise spatial relationship between the denture and the abutment analogs (within the copings), is then combined with the patient's existing diagnostic imaging data (e.g., CBCT scans in DICOM format) in a dental CAD software environment. Leveraging open-source libraries for mesh processing (e.g., Open3D, CGAL), this combined DICOM/STL dataset enables AI-driven design of a new definitive prosthesis or a highly accurate duplicate denture. The digital model facilitates automated generation of machining paths for a new prosthesis on an open-source CAM platform (e.g., FreeCAD Path workbench), or direct 3D printing of a final prosthesis, thereby making the subsequent physical steps of "forming definitive screw clearance holes" and "mounting the denture" directly derivable from the digital blueprint.

2. US12551319 + Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) + ISO 13485 (Medical Devices Quality Management System)

Description:
The temporary alignment fastener system (Claim 1 and 2) of US12551319 is integrated with wireless communication and medical device quality standards. The separable cap or the temporary engagement means of the temporary fastener is augmented with embedded micro-Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) transceivers and miniature force sensors (e.g., piezoelectric films). During the "mounting pick-up copings to the implant abutments with temporary fasteners" step, these sensors wirelessly transmit real-time data on the applied torque, seating force, and instantaneous axial retention force between the coping and the abutment to a local tablet or workstation. During the "pulling the denture with secured pick-up copings away from the implant abutments" step, the BLE sensors precisely log the axial release force. This data, timestamped and associated with the specific patient and temporary fastener batch (identified by QR code or RFID), is then securely transmitted to a central database system that adheres to ISO 13485 for medical device quality management and traceability. Open-source data logging frameworks (e.g., Apache Kafka, Prometheus) could be employed to manage this streaming data. This continuous, real-time monitoring and standardized logging provide a verifiable audit trail for each procedure, ensuring optimal clinical outcomes and regulatory compliance, and proactively identifying potential issues with fastener performance or patient interaction.

3. US12551319 + Open CASCADE Technology (Open-Source CAD Kernel) + CNC G-code Standards (ISO 6983)

Description:
The denture conversion method of US12551319 (Claim 3), particularly the steps of "adhering the copings to cavities formed in the existing denture" and "forming definitive screw clearance holes," is enhanced through integration with open-source CAD/CAM software and industry-standard G-code for CNC machining. After initial impression/scanning of the patient's existing denture and implant abutments, a digital model is created. Utilizing an open-source CAD kernel like Open CASCADE Technology, an algorithm automatically identifies the optimal positions and geometries for milling cavities in the existing denture to receive the pick-up copings. This automated design accounts for implant angulation, tissue contours, and denture thickness. Subsequently, the optimal drilling paths for the "definitive screw clearance holes" (step e) are calculated, extending through the precisely located copings. These tool paths are then translated into standardized CNC G-code (ISO 6983) using an open-source CAM processor. A robotic or semi-automated CNC milling/drilling machine then executes this G-code directly on the denture, ensuring highly accurate cavity preparation and subsequent drilling of screw access channels. This integration streamlines the chair-side conversion process, enhancing precision and repeatability beyond manual techniques, and is entirely reliant on existing open-source computational geometry and manufacturing standards.